Native Americans Flashcards

1
Q

What does BERTWHIP stand for in terms of the organisation of Native American culture?

A
Buffalo
Exposure 
Roles
Tipis
Warfare 
Horses
Indian medicine/religion
Polygamy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the impact of the Civil War on NAs?

A
  • Uneasy relationship with army
  • Treaties led to loss of land
  • Loss of food supply (buffalo)
  • Treatise between the Indians and the army
  • Govt treaties promised aid but it was not forthcoming
  • Corrupt Indian agents sold food destined for Indians = starvation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the attempts used to assimilate NAs prior to 1900?

A
  • Reservation Policy
  • Education
  • Dawes Act
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the reservation policy do? How effective was it?

A
  • Housed Indians on small areas of enclosed land
  • Aimed to prevent conflict, teach Indians the American way of life and make Indians dependent on US govt.
  • It removed the nomadic lifestyle
  • Quite a lot of compliance but lead to reluctance to following American lifestyle
  • NAs didn’t know how to farm
  • More hostility between fed govt and NAs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did the education policies prior to 1900 do? How effective were they?

A
  • Took away NA identity
  • Focus on children- they are the future
  • Children given ‘white name’ and ‘white man’s clothing’ with hair cuts
  • Stripped of culture
  • Young people wouldn’t have inherited old traditions - they’d eventually die out
  • Children wouldn’t have fought back
  • Forcibly made to fit in with white culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did The Dawes Severalty Act do? How effective was it?

A
  • Parcel up reservations
  • Gave groups/families allotted land
  • Forced Indians to own land and become homesteaders
  • Broke up tribal structure
  • NAs didn’t want to be split up
  • No longer dependent on US govt.
  • Lost some of the best land - given to whites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the conclusions that can be made by 1900?

A
  • Removal of self determination
  • Reservations were miserable, deprived and ridden with disease
  • By 1900 - 140,000 of the NAs who had lived on the Plains in 1865 had left
  • No identity
  • Land taken
  • Widespread prejudice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When/What was the Indian Appropriation Act?

A

1871

  • Determined how NA tribes were organised on the reservations
  • Made them wards of the state
  • Treaties removed - stops ownership of land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When/What was the Dawes Act?

A

1887

  • The allotment policy
  • Now homesteaders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How were NA’s used in WW1?

A
  • Fought in the army
  • Integrated with whites
  • First stage of urbanisation of NA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When/What was the Leavitt Bill?

A

1926

  • Dance Order
  • NAs were banned from traditional rituals/dances
  • Act was prevented buy American Indian Defense Association
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When/What was the Indian Reorganisation Act?

A

1934

  • Known as Wheeler-Howard Act
  • ‘Indian New Deal’
  • Allowed NA more control over the administration of reservations
  • Rights to practise own religion, assert cultural heritage and overturned ban on ceremonial dances
  • Curtailed sale of unallocated Indian land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How were NAs used in WW2?

A
  • Used as messengers due to native language
  • 75,000 moved to urban areas and 25,000 served in army
  • NA war veterans weren’t granted the same privileges as white soldiers and were forced back to reservations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When/What was the Indian Claims Commission?

A

1946-78

  • Recognised the achievements of the NA war veterans
  • Opportunity to claim land that had been lost by treaties in the 19th century
  • Most recieved financial compensation rather than land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When/What was the Policy of Termination?

A

1953

  • Attempt to fast track assimilation
  • Forced citizenship onto NAs
  • Govt. no longer responsible for NAs so funding could go elsewhere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When/What was the End of Termination?

A

1968

  • Negative affects of policy clear
  • NAs had highest illiteracy, disease and unemployment
  • LBJ proposed National Council on Indian Opportunity to promote education opportunities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When/What was the Siege of Alcatraz?

A

1969

  • Red Power movement led 14 men and women to seize control of island prison
  • The NA took control of Alcatraz which has once belonged to the Ohlone Indians
  • Symbolic of the life of imprisonment of NAs in poverty on reservations
  • Ended in 1971
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When/What was the Occupation of Mt Rushmore?

A

1971

  • Sacred Black Hills of Dakota
  • Attempt to assert the disputed ownership of the sacred burial grounds
  • Protesters were eventually evicted but subsequently camps have been set up to lay claim to the area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When/What was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?

A

1973

  • Site of 1890 massacre chosen as pace of protest following the suspected financial dealings of the president of the Reservation and the maltreatment of Indian inhabitants
  • Violent occupation lasted 71 days
  • Covered extensively by media and ended with negotiated settlement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When/What was the Indian Self Determination Act?

A

1975

  • Tribes could negotiate contracts with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to take responsibility for social aspects (health/education etc)
  • Authorised allocation of fed. funding for social programmes
  • Increased self governance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When/What was the American Indian Policy Review Commission?

A

1975

  • Reviewed historical and legal relationship between fed govt. and Indiands
  • Examined injustices
  • Future govt. policy set
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What other acts were passed in the 70s of some significance?

A
  • Education Assistance Act 1975
  • Native American Religious Freedoms Act 1978
  • Native American Graves Protection Act 1990
23
Q

Which presidents supported the rights of NAs- how?

A
  • FDR: Wheeler Howard Act
  • Truman: Indian Claims Commission
  • Eisenhower: Indian Vocational Training
  • JFK
  • LBJ: Affirmative Action - economic opportunities, End of Termination
  • Nixon: End of Termination cont. , Education Act
  • Ford: Self Determination, Policy Review Commission
  • Carter: Religious Freedoms Act
  • Bush: Graves protection
24
Q

Which presidents didn’t support the right of NAs - how?

A
  • Lincoln: Homestead Act (Manifest Destiny - movement west)
  • Grant: Indian Appropriation Act, reservation
  • Truman: Policy of Termination
  • Cleveland: Dawes Act
  • Coolidge: Leavitt Bill
  • Teddy Roosevelt
  • Reagan: Vietnam
25
What was the Cherokee Nation vs Hitchcock SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Cherokee tribe challenged Congress for the denial of their rights to live according to their own laws and traditions - 1902 - Failed
26
What was the Lone Wolf vs Hitchcock SC ruling? Date? Success?
- SC supported the power of the US govt to revoke all treaties with NAs which led to further takeover of land - Left NAs at mercy of govt. with no one to fight on their behalf - Lost 90% of NA land - 1903 - SC success acting against NA Civil rights
27
What was the SC ruling in 1913?
- Ruled the Pueblo Indians as incapable of managing land | - Led to formation of American Indian Defense Association (AIDA)
28
What was the Harrison vs Laveen SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Two NAs in Arizona challenged the refusal to register to vote - 1948 - Unsuccessful
29
What was the Oneida vs Oneida and Madison Counties SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Oneida tribe sued for the return of their lands - Court decided in their favour - increase in other tribes seeking to regain land - 1974 - Success
30
What was the Fisher vs Montana SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Sought t overturn ruling that forcibly removed NA children as part of Americanisation - Tribal courts now decided on adoption - 1976 - Success- steps towards self determination with recognising importance of tribal courts
31
What was the United States vs Sioux Nation SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Sioux tribe were entitled to compensation for their loss of land - 1980 - Success in awarding $17.5 million but this was refused - Encouraged other tribes to seek compensation
32
What was the Seminole Tribe vs Butterworth SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Seminole granted the right to establish gambling businesses on their land - against state law - 1982 - Success - NAs had their own rights on their own land - overruled state law
33
What was the Charrier vs Bell SC ruling? Date? Success?
- Ruled that burial grounds in Louisiana belonged to NAs - 1986 - Success - NA burial grounds protected under law
34
What did the Society of American Indians do? Date? Achievements?
- 1911 - Volunteer group - deliver voice of NA public opinion - Hub for political advocacy, lobbying congress and office of Indian Affairs - Unrealistic expectations and lack of NA support - Dissolved by 1923 - Biggest achievement was Indian Citizenship Act
35
What did the American Indian Defense Association do? Date? Achievements?
- 1923 - Set up by a group of writers/anthropologists - Campaigned for laws protecting NA rights of land, belief, culture, traditions, arts and crafts - Blocked Leavitt Bill - No NAs involved and lacked mass NA support
36
What did the National Congress of American Indians d? Date? Achievements?
- 1944 - Established in response to termination and assimilation - First NA protest movement - Involved ordinary NAs in the struggle to stop reservations and integrate NAs into society - Fought legal battles over discrimination - Pressured fed govt. for Indian Claims Commission - Mass support from NAs and legal methods to seek rights but didn't satisfy everyone - Had pledge from JFK to develop humans and natural resources of reservations- not kept due to his assimilation schemes
37
What did the National Indian Youth Council do? Date? Achievements?
- 1961 - NAs in college or just graduated - Protect fishing rights in the north west - Took on lawsuits to protect treaty rights, voting rights and religious freedom - Fishing rights were successful but slow - Helped galvanise movement with focus on fishing - Gained publicity
38
What did the American Indian Movement do? Date? Achievements?
- 1968 - Established due to slow progress of other organisations - Militant (some say was counter productive) - took up issues of racial discrimination against NA youths - NAs patrolled streets wearing red berets and jackets monitoring police activities - Decline in arrest/imprisonment of young offenders - National attention and publicity - Youth coming together
39
What did the Native Americans Rights Fund do? Date? Achievements?
- 1970 - Defended rights of NAs to preserve culture - Wanted to recover lost tribal lands, hunting/fishing and water rights - Fought for right to vote in states where registration was restricted - Trained NAs as attorneys - specialising in NA legal issues - Main organisation pressing SC cases on behalf of tribes - Reasserted rights under long forgotten treaties - some regained land
40
What caused the Occupation of Mt Rushmore and what happened?
- In 1876 the US govt. took the Black Hills of South Dakota from the Lakota tribe - Occupation happened in 1871 led by AIM - An attempt to assert rights over sacred burial grounds
41
What were the methods of the Occupation of Mt Rushmore?
- Members of AIM camped on the mountain for more than a week - Insisted govt. return all the stolen land - Prayer staff planted on the mountain to claim it
42
What were the outcomes of the Occupation of Mt Rushmore?
- Protesters eventually evicted - SC rules that the Black Hills were illegally seized by the fed govt. - NAs offered financial compensation - refused - Crazy Horse Memorial built - 1st instances of organised NA resistance
43
What happened in the Seize of Alcatraz?
- Sioux Tribe members landed in Alcatraz 1964 | - Tried to seize it under 1868 treaty that allowed Indians to surplus fed land
44
What were the methods in the Seize of Alcatraz?
- Force of 89 men, women and children - Indians landed and claimed island for all tribes of North America - Addressed manifesto to 'The Great White Father and All His People' - Intention to turn Alcatraz into an Indian school, cultural centre and museum
45
What were the outcomes of the Seize of Alcatraz?
- Govt. sent into negotiate but unsuccessful - Nixon was happy if they remained people - Occupation was good for most of late 1969 - College students returned to school in 1970 - People left when armed fed marshals descended on the island - 9 month occupation opened the way for more protests and occupations
46
What caused the occupation at Wounded Knee and what happened?
- Feb-May 1973 - Involved AIM and 200 of Lakota Tribe - Protest started in Feb 1973 - Protesters occupied town of Wounded Knee after failed attempt to impeach tribal president Richard Wilson - Took control for 71 days - Ray Robinson (key rights activist) went missing and was only confirmed dead in 2014
47
What were the methods used at the occupation of Wounded Knee?
- Lakota Tribe and supporters occupied town for 71 days - Used airlifts for food and essentials - Used violence - engaged in cross fire with fed troops - some protesters were killed/injured - Site of 1890 massacre highlighting maltreatment of NAs
48
What were the outcomes of Wounded Knee occupation?
- Events inspired NAs - Many traveled to protest - There was a widespread public sympathy for the goals of the occupation - Pine Ridge Indian Reservation had higher rate of internal violence - AIM leaders had charges dismissed
49
What happened at the Pine Ridge Shootout?
- June 1975 | - Armed confrontation between AIM activists and FBI
50
What were the outcomes of the Pine Ridge Shootout?
- Arrests - 2 FBI agents killed and one activist killed - Leonard Peltier sentenced life in prison for murder of FBI agents - Tension and distrust of fed govt. developed
51
What happened at the Indian Occupation of the BIA and what caused it?
- Outrage and sorrow over the death of Richard Oakes in September 1972 - Representatives of several Native American groups gathered in Denver to make plans for a caravan (movement of people) intended to bring a focus on Native American concerns to the Nixon Administration - 'Trail of Broken Treaties'
52
What were the methods used at the Indian Occupation of the BIA?
- 500 American Indians and AIM protested - Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs building - Guards misunderstood that BIA had given the Indians permission to stay past closing - Indians converged in the Interior building for a week - AIM presented 20 points to Nixon- demands
53
What were the outcomes of the Occupation of the BIA?
- New organization established: National Tribal Chairman's Association - NTCA given offices within National Council on Indian Opportunity - White House Agreed to discuss points - Nixon signed Menominee Restoration Act that recognised the tribal status of the Menominee Indians - Other terminated tribes regained their federally recognised status