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Nationalities and Minorities Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the main national minority groups from?

A
  1. Poland
  2. Finland
  3. Caucasus
  4. Baltic Provinces (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania)
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2
Q

What makes up the Baltic Provinces?

A

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

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3
Q

1897 census minorities statistic

A

minorities made up about 55 per cent of the Empire’s population in the Ukraine

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4
Q

Who remained loyal in general?

A
  1. Finns
  2. Baltic Germans
  3. Christian Armenians
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5
Q

Who were a pain generally?

A
  1. Poles
  2. Ukrainians
  3. Tartars
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6
Q

What was the Milyutin Plan?

A

Poland 1864

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7
Q

What did the Milyutin Plan do?

A
  1. Polish nobility exiled to Siberia
  2. Polish peasants emancipated, gained freehold rights to allotted lands paid for through a reformed taxation system; all landowners paid tax not just peasants
  3. Rural district councils set up similar to Zemstva
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8
Q

What happened after the Russo-Polish war?

A

Poland entered into a stable period of independent rule

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9
Q

Jews?

A
  • geographical location artificially created pale of settlement
  • never given independence
  • never had a homeland within the Russian Empire
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10
Q

Continuity in Russo-Polish Relations

A

Polish Revolt 1863 and Russo-Polish War 1920

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11
Q

Polish Revolt 1863?

A

Polish government led by Wielopolski, rejected demands for full independence, which led to rebellion. The insurrection spread beyond Poland into Lithuania and a section of Belorussia and attracted volunteers from the portions of Poland under Prussian and Austrian rule. The insurgents waged more than 1,200 battles and skirmishes.

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12
Q

Russo-Polish War 1920?

A

16th October 1920 armistice between Poland and Russia was signed;

  • Polish independence was confirmed
  • it was agreed that Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia should come under Polish authority.
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13
Q

Impact of WW1 on Russo-Polish relations

A
  • Russia forced to give up jurisdiction over Warsaw and Vilna, the centres of the Vistula region
  • Poland free from Russian rule
  • official independence granted in 1918 with TOBL
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14
Q

lead up to WW2 on Russo-Polish relations

A

Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 coupled with appeasement policy of Britain and France gave Germany a ‘green light’ to invade Poland

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15
Q

Impact of WW2 on Russo-Polish relations

A
  1. Polish government escaped to London
  2. Polish demands for investigation into the Katyn Massacre led to Russia refusing to maintain diplomatic relations
  3. Russian offensive against G in 1944 and establishment of the National Liberation Committee in Lublin suggested Russian control in future
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16
Q

What was the Katyn Massacre?

A

a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD in April and May 1940.
Perpetrators: Soviet NKVD
Total number of deaths: 22,000

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17
Q

What was the Polish Committee of National Liberation?

A

also known as the Lublin Committee, it was a puppet provisional government of Poland, officially proclaimed on 22 July 1944, allegedly in Chełm, in opposition to the Polish government in exile. It exercised control over Polish territory retaken from Nazi Germany and was fully sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union.

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18
Q

Impact of Yalta on Russo-Polish relations

A

Stalin demanded a new Russo-Polish frontier be established along the so-called Curzon Line and that the whole of Poland be governed by a Soviet backed Lublin-style regime. Roosevelt and Churchill acquiesced.

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19
Q

When was Yalta?

A

February 1945

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20
Q

Impact of Potsdam on Russo-Polish relations

A

Poland’s western border issue. Stalin persuaded Truman and Churchill to a accept a western demarcation at the ‘Oder-Niesse Line’ which was well inside ethnic Germany. Soviet-style government as created across the newly reconstituted Poland.

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21
Q

When was Potsdam?

A

July 1945

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22
Q

What happened in February 1947?

A

a provisional constitution was instigated which set up a Council of State in Poland. The Council had almost total legislative and executive power and was dominated by the Stalinist-Influenced Polish Workers’ Party (PPR)

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23
Q

What happened in 1952?

A

with the imposition of a Soviet-style constitution, Poland was officially renamed the People’s Republic of Poland

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24
Q

Khrushchev and Poland?

A

Secret Speech provoked a demand from Polish intellectuals for Stalinist politicians in Poland to stand down. Requests were supported by workers through strike action. Khrushchev agreed to their demands, in October 1956 Wladyslaw Gomulka was released from prison to take over the leadership of Poland. This led to an easing of control over the Polish people.

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25
Q

Quote Holland on Khrushchev impact Poland

A

‘Generally, until Khrushchev’s removal from power in 1964, the Polish experienced elements of relief from the highly oppressive period of Stalinist rule.’

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26
Q

When did Russification start?

A

the Polish Revolt of 1863

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27
Q

What is the definition of Russification according to Holland?

A

‘Russification was the process whereby non-Russian regions were drawn more securely into the framework of the Russian state’

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28
Q

What did Russification involve?

A
  1. Administrative integration
  2. The transmission of Russian language, religion and culture to national minorities
  3. ‘Social Russification’ linked to economic integration resulting from developments in telecommunications and transport
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29
Q

Russification of Finland?

A
  1. Relaxed before 1894 (separate Diet and Constitution for Finns)
  2. Under Nicholas II, Finland ‘encouraged’ to join Russian Empire
  3. 1905 - Finland given full autonomy (Stolypin quickly reneged)
  4. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Finland gained lasting independence
  5. Winter War: unsuccessful attempt to regain influence over Finland; with treaty 1948 Finland retained neutrality
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30
Q

When was the Winter War?

A

November 1939-March 1940

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31
Q

What happened in the Winter War?

A

unsuccessful Russian attempt to regain influence over Finland
• Finns lost 90,000 people
• Russians lost 120,000 people (and then 200,000 more in the continuation)

32
Q

What was the 1948 Treaty called?

A

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance

33
Q

Russification of the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania)?

A
  1. German influence.
  2. 1936 Constitution meant it was easy for states to be incorporated in the new federal system of Russian government.
  3. Suffered during later parts of WW2; mass deportations due to accusations of collaborations with the Nazis were instigated.
  4. After the war, region became more stable.
34
Q

Russification of the Ukrainians?

A
  1. Granted full independence under Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  2. Independence was short-lived as unable to oppose RA during civil war
  3. Ukraine = important grain producing area and Stalin’s collectivisation programme implemented there with opposition. Holodomor 1932-23
  4. In theory, Ukraine improved under the 1936 constitution, but during/after WW2 many Ukrainians were accused of being German collaborators and executed/exiled.
35
Q

Russification of Caucasians?

A

Was relatively easy bc region divided along religious lines and highly illiterate.
Populist movements arose to fight repression though e.g. the Dashnaks and the Georgian Mensheviks who were v. antagonistic towards Nicholas II.
Georgia gained independence in 1920 but was ‘retaken’ by the RA in 1921
Stalin dealt ruthlessly with Georgian dissidents, although he later conceded in the 1936 Constitution by providing Orgy with full republican status

36
Q

Who lived in the Caucasus region?

A

divided along religious lines (Christians and Muslims)

37
Q

Russification of Jews?

A
  1. no homeland; artificial Pale of Settlement
  2. Under Alexander II members of the Pale allowed to migrate but Alexander III clamped down on this and repressed Russian Jews
  3. Communists were just as suspicious towards Jews. Some ‘special’ settlements est. 1930s but WW2 saw bans imposed on aspects of Jewish culture (perceived threat of Jews as subversives)
  4. Persecution continued after the war - Khrushchev suppressed a number of prominent Jewish technical specialists for anti-communist activity
38
Q

Anti-Semitism under Khrushchev

A

Erich Goldhagen claims that following the death of Stalin, the policy of the Soviet Union towards Jews and the Jewish question became more discreet, with indirect antisemitic policies over direct physical assault.

Erich Goldhagen suggests that despite being famously critical of Stalin,Khrushchev did not view Stalin’s antisemitic policies as “monstrous acts” or “rude violations of the basic Leninist principles of the nationality policy of the Soviet state.”

39
Q

Anti-Semitism under Stalin

A
  • 1907, Stalin wrote a letter differentiating between a “Jewish faction” and a “true Russian faction” in Bolshevism.
  • Stalin’s attitudes towards Trotsky, a Ukrainian Jew, influenced his views of Jews in general.
  • Antisemitism in the Soviet Union commenced openly as a campaign against the “rootless cosmopolitan” (a supposed euphemism for “Jew”). Many leading Jewish writers and artists were killed.
  • Victimisation of Jews in the USSR at the hands of the Nazis was denied, Jewish scholars were removed from the sciences, and emigration rights were denied to Jews.
  • The Stalinist antisemitic campaign culminated in the Doctors’ plot in 1953. According to Patai and Patai, the Doctors’ plot was “clearly aimed at the total liquidation of Jewish cultural life.”
40
Q

Stalinist anti-semitic campaign culmination

A

The Stalinist antisemitic campaign culminated in the Doctors’ plot in 1953.

According to Patai and Patai, the Doctors’ plot was “clearly aimed at the total liquidation of Jewish cultural life.”

41
Q

Jews under the Prov Gov: Formal emancipation after dissolution of the tsarist state in 1917

A
  • they cancelled all restrictions imposed on the Jews by the Tsarist regime in a move parallel to the Jewish emancipation in Western Europe that had taken place during the 19th century abolishing Jewish disabilities.
  • PG passed a decree abolishing all religious and national restrictions, which, in effect, granted citizenship to Russia’s Jews.
  • While this decree made Jews citizens of Russia, it did not erase the realities of public anti-semitism. Pogroms continued to erupt as civil war engulfed Russia from 1918-1921.
42
Q

Jews under Bolshevik Revolution

A
  • October Revolution officially abolished the Pale of Settlement and other laws which regarded the Jews as an outlawed people.
  • At the same time, the Bolsheviks were strongly opposed to Judaism (and indeed to any religion) and conducted an extensive campaign to suppress the religious traditions among the Jewish population, alongside traditional Jewish culture
  • 1918, the Yevsektsiya was established to promote Marxism, secularism and Jewish assimilation into Soviet society, and supposedly bringing Communism to the Jewish masses.[10]
  • In August 1919 Jewish properties, including synagogues, were seized and many Jewish communities were dissolved.
  • Jews were also frequently placed disproportionately on the front lines of Russian wars in the early 1900’s as well as WW2. As a result large numbers of Jews emigrated Russia to places like the United States.
  • Information campaigns against antisemitism were conducted in the Red Army and in the workplaces, and a provision forbidding the incitement of propaganda against any ethnicity became part of Soviet law”.
  • The official stance of the Soviet government in 1934 was to oppose antisemitism “anywhere in the world” and claimed to express “fraternal feelings to the Jewish people”, praising the Jewish contributions towards international socialism.
43
Q

The Beilis Trial 1913

A

Menahem Mendel Beilis was a Russian Jew accused of ritual murder in Kiev in the Russian Empire in a notorious 1913 trial, known as the “Beilis trial” or “Beilis affair”. The process sparked international criticism of the antisemitic policies of the Russian Empire.

44
Q

Russification of Jews under Alexander II

A
  • During the political, social, and cultural thaw under Alexander II, the Russian Haskalah attempted to Russify the Jewish masses.
  • The maskilim (advocates of and participants in the Haskalah) urged practical reforms, inducing traditional Jews to depart from their “superstitious ways” of dress, diet, and demeanor and embrace a Russian lifestyle.
45
Q

Russification under Alexander III

A
  • assassination of Alex. II 1881 led to rumours
  • In April 1881, a pogrom erupted in Elisavetgrad; others followed through the year, beginning in cities.
  • May Laws (dubbed by SIMON DUBNOW ‘legislative pogroms’) resettled Jews and lay out prohibitions.
  • Pogroms and May Laws undermined the prevailing integrationist political ideology pushed by the Haskalah. - events 1881-1882 shook the assumption that the steady acculturation of the Jew would naturally bring about equal rights and security. A range of new philosophies, including Zionism, socialism, and emigration, emerged in Russia.
46
Q

Jewish ltd liberation Nic II

A

With the formation of a quasi-constitutional monarchy after the revolution of 1905, Jews had their chance at legal emancipation in the western sense.
Russian Jews were elected to the Duma, where the question of emancipation was debated but not resolved before the Duma was dissolved in 1906.

47
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

A

3rd March 1918

48
Q

What land did Russia lose in Treaty of Brest Litovsk?

A
  1. Poland
  2. Baltic Provinces (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
  3. Ukraine
  4. Georgia
  5. Finland
49
Q

How much did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest Litovsk?

A
  1. a third of agricultural land
  2. a third of all railway track
  3. a third of the population of the Soviet Republic (about 55 million people)
  4. two-thirds of coal mines
  5. half of heavy industry (iron steel)
  6. nearly all available oil and most cotton textile production
50
Q

By the start of WW2 which parts did the Soviet government have influence over in Central Asia?

A
  1. Kazakhstan
  2. Turkmenistan
  3. Uzbekistan
  4. Kyrgyzstan
  5. Tajikistan
  6. Azerbaijan
51
Q

Why was Central Asia useful for USSR?

A
  1. provided living and working space for peasants from European Russia
  2. region developed for cotton cultivation to serve raw material needs of the textile factors in European Russia
  3. CA territories bordered Afghanistan, India and China; prospect of further expansion and influence
52
Q

Communist general attitude to CA

A

consolidated control through quite peaceful means - formulation of constitutions e.g. Constitution 1936. Avoided Russification due to complexity of societies there and difficulties with communication and transport.

53
Q

Russian policies towards Central Asia?

A
  1. Steppe Statute of 1891
  2. Stolypin: encouraged migration 1910
  3. Nicholas II: Muslim, conscription revolt 1915-1917
  4. ‘dumping grounds’ 1914-39
  5. Khrushchev Decree and Virgin Lands Scheme
54
Q

What was the Steppe Statute of 1891?

A

Statute under Alex III granted 40 acres of land to peasant settlers, enough to establish a successful farm unit (although it was of no use to the native nomadic people)

55
Q

Why did Stolypin push for greater migration in 1910?

A

to accommodate rising peasant demands for land in European Russia

56
Q

How did the Tsars show respect for Muslims?

A

Under Nicholas II the All-Russian Muslim League appeared and gained representation in the first Dumas (although after the 1907 electoral law, Asian Muslim representation I the Duma was disallowed).

57
Q

Communist attitude to muslims?

A

Under the communists there was condemnation of any repression that Muslims had experienced under the tsars and guarantees that their rights would be protected

58
Q

‘Dumping Grounds’

A

CA used as dumping grounds for other groups e.g. the Crimean Tartars were deported to South Kazakhstan in 1945 having been accused of collaborating w Germany

59
Q

Khrushchev Decree 1957

A

‘On the Rehabilitation of Deported Peoples’ allowed groups who had been deported 1941-45 to return to their homelands, although it excluded groups like the Volga Germans and the Meskhetians.

60
Q

What groups were excluded from Khrushchev’s 1957 Decree ‘On the Rehabilitation of Deported Peoples’?

A
  • Volga Germans

- Meskhetians

61
Q

What was wrong with the Virgin Lands scheme for Central Asia 1957-64?

A

as with migration policies of the tsars (e.g. Steppe statute 1891), indigenous people felt swamped by immigrants looking to take even more land.

62
Q

Expansion in the Far East?

A
  • governed by developments in transport and communications
  • Russo-Japanese war
  • WW1, RR and CW distracted Russian leaders from issue in the Far East
  • after end of CW communists returened to region to address issues related to spheres of influence, occupation and conflict
63
Q

Statistic to show backwardness in transport –> Russia to Far East

A

by the end of there 19th century it could still take up to three months to travel from Moscow to Sakhalin

64
Q

China following WW1

A

conflict 1917-37 between Kuomintang (KMT) and Mao Zedong. 1949 Mao gained control fo whole of mainland China. In October 1949 the People’s Republic of China as created, with Mao as its leader. Under Khrushchev friendship deteriorated as ‘honeymoon’ period ended.

65
Q

When was the People’s Republic of China created?

A

1949

66
Q

Manchuria?

A

In 1945 Soviet troops liberated Manchuria and Stalin handed it back to China, but the USSR kept jurisdiction of Port Arthur until death of Stalin 1953

67
Q

Korea?

A

Korea divided into two zones across 38th parallel 1953. |Heightened Cold War tensions and encouraged Khrushchev to introduce his policy of ‘peaceful co-existence’

68
Q

What regions did USSR influence in China?

A

Sinkiang, Tanu Tuva and Mongolia

69
Q

Stalin’s expansionist policy / buffer

A

he installed pro-communist regimes. By 1947 Bulgaria, Poland, Albania and Romania all had communist governments. Monarchies were abolished and communists governments established.

70
Q

Example of corruption and control

A

Elections in Hungary saw the communists gain just 20 per cent of votes, but they still managed to dominate the cabinet.

71
Q

Yugoslavia

A
  • 1945 elections installed communist gov led by Marshall Tito
  • Tito wanted to consolidate Yugoslavian autonomy and resisted attempts by Stalin to interfere
  • he objected to over-centralisation of gov of Stalinism and introduced his own brand of communism
  • Tito kept Yugoslavia free from direct Soviet control until his death in 1980
72
Q

Czechoslovakia

A

communists in Czechoslovakia seized power May 1948, resulting in the resignation of most non-communist members. Rigged elections; voters given a list of candidates to vote for, all of whom were communists.

73
Q

Hungary

A

despite gaining less than one-fifth of votes, Hungarian communists dominated cabinet. By the end of 1949 nearly a quarter of a million party members had been expelled for protesting however. Until Stalin’s death, Hungary was governed repressively by Stalinist Maytas Rakosi. October 1956 led to major uprising dealt with ruthlessly.

74
Q

East Germany

A

at Yalta, ‘Four Power Control of Zones’ principle established. East Germany created October 1949.

75
Q

What led to the USSR’s creation of East Germany in October 1949

A
  1. Stalin’s statement in 1946 that ‘all Germany must be ours’
  2. the creation of Bizonia
  3. The introduction of the Deutschmark and the Ostmark
  4. The Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
  5. The approval of the West German constitution
76
Q

What was the only Balkan state that wasn’t communist?

A

Greece

Russian History (11 decks)

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