Nationalism Flashcards
Socialist Internationalism
Socialist opposition to nationalism
Marxists opposed nationalism as they see it as a ‘FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS’ as it unites people through their nationality rather than dividing people by class
Marx wrote that ‘the working men have no country’
Liberal Nationalism
Sees freedom of the individualism as synonymous with the freedom of the nation (nations have rights and are equal)
Rousseau support popular sovereignty and self-determination]
Mazzini wanted Italy to rid itself of Austria’s autocratic rule
Liberal nationalism support the sovereignty of other legitimate states and is progressive, tolerant and rational
Liberal Internationalism
Concerned that powerful nation-states could try and dominate weaker and smaller nation-states, so support supranational bodies such as the UN, EU and NATO to ‘police’ the international world and ensure nation-states right’s are respected
Nicola Sturgeon is a liberal internationalist as she is the leader of the SNP but also supports EU membership
Nationalists’ Disagreements on Society (x2)
Civic and inclusive nationalists like Rousseau supported diverse societies whereas cultural and exclusive nationalists such as Von Herder or Marine Le Pen are mono-culturalists
Conservative nationalists are regressive and nostalgic e.g. Trump’s ‘Make America Great Again’ slogan and ‘inward-looking’ whereas liberal nationalists are more ‘outward-looking’ as they support supranational institutions such as the EU to maintain human rights
Nationalists’ Agreements on the Nation (x3)
All nationalists see the nation as a cultural identity
Mostly agree that the nation is a unifying force. Rousseau definitely thought this
Most agree with Von Herder that a common language is important to a nation
Nationalists’ Disagreements on the Nation (x3)
Liberal nationalists see the nation as a political unit for self-determination and that all nations are equal, but conservative, chauvinistic and expansionist nationalists do not
Exclusive nationalists see ethnicity and history as barriers to joining a nation, whereas inclusive nationalists do not
Integral nationalists think that the interests of the nation come before those of the individual, which a liberal nationalist would disagree with
Nationalists’ Disagreements on the Economy (X2)
Liberal nationalists believe that a nation-state has a right to choose whether to be self-sufficient or to have an open economy and see supra-national bodies such as the EU as useful for trade, whereas NATIVISTS (a very regressive form of conservative nationalism) supports protectionism (Trump and Tariffs)
Post-colonialists and Anti-colonialists are often SOCIALIST (e.g. Robert Mugabe) to protect the nation state from perceived Western economic oppression
Nationalism
The nation is a cultural entity, a group of people who share a language, traditions, and usually occupy the same geographical area
Nationalism is a form of identity politics as Andrew Heywood states ‘nationalism tells people who they are’
Anthony Smith states that nationalism is a ‘chameleon ideology’
A nation-state is a nation of people who rule themselves in their own sovereign territory
Nationalists’ Agreements on Human Nature (x1)
All nationalists believe that humans naturally want to be united around a common set of ideas and values
Nationalists’ Disagreements on Human Nature (x3)
Liberal nationalists have an optimistic view of human nature as they think that humans are rational, whereas conservative nationalists have a pessimistic view of human nature as humans are intellectually, morally and psychologically imperfect
Racialists see human nature as connects to one’s race and thus a barrier to being a member of a nation, and inclusive nationalists do not see race as a barrier to being a part of a nation
Mono-culturalists are likely to be exclusive nationalists who see human nature as rigid so integration into a nation takes time and cannot be done by first generation immigrants, whereas multiculturalists are more inclusive
Nationalists’ Disagreements on the State (x3)
Liberal nationalists think that the nation-state is ideal and allows for self-determination. Believe that all nation-states are equal, which contrasts with expansionist and chauvinistic nationalists who do not
Conservative nationalists see the state as useful for unity, whereas anti-colonial nationalists think the nation-state is a tool which allows nations to avoid oppression
Integral nationalists believe that the interests of the nation are more important than that of the individual
Nationalists’ Agreements on the Society (x1)
All nationalists believe that society is held together by widely held ideas and principle and the society is defined in terms of key traits
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A liberal nationalist as he thought that government should be based on the ‘general will’ of the community, so he supported self-determination and popular sovereignty
Civic nationalist as he believed in a shared national pride
Inclusive nationalist as he did not see race, religion or any arbitrary identity as a barrier to joining a nation
Giuseppe Mazzini
A liberal internationalist as he thought that the international co-operation was the best way of maintaining liberal values
Civic nationalist as he stated ‘A country is not a mere territory […] It is the sentiment of love, the sense of fellowship, which binds together the sons of that territory’
Founded Young Italy which sought to overthrow monarchies and unite the Italian people and allow for self-determination
Johan Gottfried Von Herder
Conservative nationalist
Supported the emotional beliefs of cultural nationalism, as each nation has its own ‘VOLKSGEIST’
Language is a crucial part of a nation’s culture as he stated ‘Has a nation anything dearer than the speech of its fathers?’
This has influence Welsh and Catalan nationalists
