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PSM > National Health Programmes > Flashcards

National Health Programmes Flashcards

1
Q

World TB day ?

A

24th march

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2
Q

TB host factors?

A

Peak age: 15-45 years
Males>females
Under nourished, low immunity, recurrent infections
Low socioeconomic
Overcrowding, poor hygiene

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3
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis characteristics?

A

Obligate aerobe
Facultative intracellular
Acid fast stain

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4
Q

Ghon’s focus?

A

Lesion at hilum of lung during first infection

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5
Q

Ghon’s complex?

A

Ghon’s focus + local lymph node

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6
Q

Ranke’s complex?

A

Calcification of ghon’s complex

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7
Q

Outcome of primary TB?

A

Healed TB (95%)
Latent TB (4-5%)
Progressive primary TB (1-2%)

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8
Q

Who discovered malarial transmission?

A

Dr Ronald Ross

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9
Q

Who discovered malarial parasites ?

A

Dr Alphonse Laveran

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10
Q

Species of plasmodium?

A

P. Vivax
P. Falciparum (m/c in Ind)
P. Malariae
P. Ovale (not India)
P knowlesi (rare in Ind)

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11
Q

Life cycle of malaria?

A

SHE GOOS
Sporozoites
Hepatocytic stage
Erythrocyte
Gametocyte
Ookinite
Oocyst
Salivary glands

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12
Q

Latent TB?

A

Stress
Reactivation of ghon’s focus
Spread to apex due to decreased perfusion
Cavitation
Secondary TB / Reactivation TB
Rx required

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13
Q

Secondary TB?

A

Cavitation at apex
Caseous necrosis
Spreads infection

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14
Q

Targets, strategies , organisations of NIDDCP?

A

Prevalence:
1. <5% IDD in 10-14 years of children
2. <10% of IDD in all age groups

Strategy:
Iodisation of salt
1. Component: potassium iodate/iodide
2. Expected level : production: >30ppm & consumer : ≥ 15ppm

Organisation:
District goitre control (GGC) cell : National IDD survey, 30 clusters in a district (cluster sampling)
90 children stratified based on
1.school enrollment ratio = population proportion to size sampling
2. Gender = simple stratified sampling

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15
Q

Merozoite formation in malaria?
Erythrocytic phase in malaria?

A

1.P. Falciparum forms 40k merozoites. Others 10k to 20k

2.erythrocytic phase associated with clinical features
Duration of Erythrocytic phase: p. Malaria: 72 hrs & all others 36-48 hrs

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16
Q

Relapse vs recrudescence in malaria?

A

Relapse:
Due to dormant merozoites : hypnozointes reactivation leads to infection
Seen in hepatocytic phase
P.vivax, P.ovale: 1-3 yrs

Recrudescence:
Due to low level of erythrocytic schizogeny
Plasmodium falciparum 1 to 1.5 years
Also seen in plasmodium malaria

17
Q

Epidemiology of malaria?
———gametocyte/mm3 of blood
What is reservoir and what is source of infection? What is the extrinsic incubation period?

A

More than 12 gametocyte/mm3 of blood
Both gametocytes + : humans are infective
Reservoir: humans monkeys apes
Source of infection: infected mosquitoes, humans
Extrinsic incubation period: 10-12 days

18
Q

<6 months are protected against?
Sickle cell trait protected against ?
Duffy negative RBC ?

A

<6months & sickle cell trait protected against P falciparum
Duffy negative RBC protected against P Vivax
Increased immunity in hyper endemic area leads to decreased susceptible to infection

19
Q

Incubation period of P. Ovale, P. Malaria, P. Falciparum, P. Vivax?

A

FXOM : 12,14,16,28

20
Q

Clinical stages of malaria?

A
  1. Cold stage: chills , rigors, fever (100-104), duration (30min-1hr),weak pulse, parasites seen in blood
  2. Hot stage: hot skin, fever, full bounding, and rapid pulse, general discomfort
  3. Sweating stage: most comfortable stage no fever
21
Q

Environmental factors for malaria?

A

Peak in July
Malarial month is June
World antimalarial day is 25th April
Temperature is 16 to 30°C
Relative humidity is more than 60% not more than 75%
Altitude is less than 2000 meter

22
Q

Mode of transmission of malaria?

A

Direct by female Anopheles
Trophozoite is transfusion related : incubation period 5 to 7 days
Plasmodium falciparum is available in blood for more than 2 weeks at -4°C
No blood donation for three years in malarial endemic area

23
Q

What are the complications of malaria?

A

Anaemia
Hepato-splenomegaly
Meningitis
Encephalopathy
Blackwater fever
Renal failure

24
Q

What are the diseases comes under the programme: National vector Borne disease control programme?

A

Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Japanese encephalitis
Lymphatic filariasis
Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala Azar

All are transmitted by mosquitoes except Kala Azar, which is transmitted by Sandfly

25
Q

Tell about the parameter is used in malaria and lymphatic filariasis? What are the targets?

A

Malaria: annual parasite index (less than one per 1000 )and annual blood examination rate(greater than 10%)
Lymphatic filariasis : microfiloaria rate

26
Q

Diagnosis of malaria?

A

1.Peripheral blood smear examination is the investigation of choice
To smears thick, and thin, thick for identifying the parasite ,thin for identifying the species
Stains used are JSB & GIEMSA
2. Rapid diagnostic test : HRP2 for north eastern states
PLDH antigen increase the sensitivity and specificity if viral load is low .

27
Q

Malarial vectors? Seen in ?

A

Anopheles stephensi: urban & semi urban
A. Culicifaciens: rural
A.fluviatilis: forest & foot hills
A.dirus& A.minimus: Northeast states, forest
A. Sundaicus: coastal,marshy,brakish water areas
A. Epiroticus: andaman and nicobar

28
Q

Plasmodium Vivax & falciparum treatment?

A

Vivax: CQ3 PQ14 ; chloroquine & primaquine
Falciparum: ACT3 PQo2 : north eastern statesm ACT AL , all other states : ACT SP
AL= Artemether & lumefantrine
SP= Sulphadoxine & Pyrimethamine

29
Q

Malaria treatment in pregnancy?

A

Plasmodium falciparum:
T1 = oral quinine salts
T2 & T3 = ACT AL OR ACT SP
Plasmodium vivax:
Chloroquine DOC

30
Q

Malarial treatment for mixed infections plasmodium vivax + falciparum?

A

ACT AL OR ACT SP for 3 days (based on area)
+
Primaquine for 14 days

31
Q

Age based color blister packs for malarial treatment?

A

ACT SP :
Pink=0-1
Yellow =1-4
Green=5-8
Red=9-14
White=above15

ACT AL

Yellow= 5m-3yrs
Green=3-8yrs
Red=9-14yrs
White=>14yrs

32
Q

Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Mission ?

A

5 lac per family per year
No cap on family size and age of members
Free treatment at all public and empanneled private hospitals
Both secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation is covered
Preexisting diseases are covered
Hospitals can’t deny treatment
Cashless and paperless access to quality health care services
Payment for the treatment will be done on a package rate

33
Q

Public health problem criteria for following diseases:
1. Night blindness
2. Bitot spots
3. Corneal xerosis/ulcers/ keratomalacia
4. Corneal scar
5. Serum retinol <10mcg/dl

A
  1. Night blindness: >1%
  2. Bitot spots :>0.5%
  3. Corneal xerosis/ulcers/ keratomalacia:>0.01%
  4. Corneal scar: >0.05%
  5. Serum retinol <10mcg/dl : >5%
34
Q

How can we find incidence and prevalence for TB infection in community?

A

Incidence: identify new converters to TST
Prevalence: identify all positives to TST

PSM (7 decks)

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