National Health Programmes Flashcards
World TB day ?
24th march
TB host factors?
Peak age: 15-45 years
Males>females
Under nourished, low immunity, recurrent infections
Low socioeconomic
Overcrowding, poor hygiene
Mycobacterium tuberculosis characteristics?
Obligate aerobe
Facultative intracellular
Acid fast stain
Ghon’s focus?
Lesion at hilum of lung during first infection
Ghon’s complex?
Ghon’s focus + local lymph node
Ranke’s complex?
Calcification of ghon’s complex
Outcome of primary TB?
Healed TB (95%)
Latent TB (4-5%)
Progressive primary TB (1-2%)
Who discovered malarial transmission?
Dr Ronald Ross
Who discovered malarial parasites ?
Dr Alphonse Laveran
Species of plasmodium?
P. Vivax
P. Falciparum (m/c in Ind)
P. Malariae
P. Ovale (not India)
P knowlesi (rare in Ind)
Life cycle of malaria?
SHE GOOS
Sporozoites
Hepatocytic stage
Erythrocyte
Gametocyte
Ookinite
Oocyst
Salivary glands
Latent TB?
Stress
Reactivation of ghon’s focus
Spread to apex due to decreased perfusion
Cavitation
Secondary TB / Reactivation TB
Rx required
Secondary TB?
Cavitation at apex
Caseous necrosis
Spreads infection
Targets, strategies , organisations of NIDDCP?
Prevalence:
1. <5% IDD in 10-14 years of children
2. <10% of IDD in all age groups
Strategy:
Iodisation of salt
1. Component: potassium iodate/iodide
2. Expected level : production: >30ppm & consumer : ≥ 15ppm
Organisation:
District goitre control (GGC) cell : National IDD survey, 30 clusters in a district (cluster sampling)
90 children stratified based on
1.school enrollment ratio = population proportion to size sampling
2. Gender = simple stratified sampling
Merozoite formation in malaria?
Erythrocytic phase in malaria?
1.P. Falciparum forms 40k merozoites. Others 10k to 20k
2.erythrocytic phase associated with clinical features
Duration of Erythrocytic phase: p. Malaria: 72 hrs & all others 36-48 hrs
Relapse vs recrudescence in malaria?
Relapse:
Due to dormant merozoites : hypnozointes reactivation leads to infection
Seen in hepatocytic phase
P.vivax, P.ovale: 1-3 yrs
Recrudescence:
Due to low level of erythrocytic schizogeny
Plasmodium falciparum 1 to 1.5 years
Also seen in plasmodium malaria
Epidemiology of malaria?
———gametocyte/mm3 of blood
What is reservoir and what is source of infection? What is the extrinsic incubation period?
More than 12 gametocyte/mm3 of blood
Both gametocytes + : humans are infective
Reservoir: humans monkeys apes
Source of infection: infected mosquitoes, humans
Extrinsic incubation period: 10-12 days
<6 months are protected against?
Sickle cell trait protected against ?
Duffy negative RBC ?
<6months & sickle cell trait protected against P falciparum
Duffy negative RBC protected against P Vivax
Increased immunity in hyper endemic area leads to decreased susceptible to infection
Incubation period of P. Ovale, P. Malaria, P. Falciparum, P. Vivax?
FXOM : 12,14,16,28
Clinical stages of malaria?
- Cold stage: chills , rigors, fever (100-104), duration (30min-1hr),weak pulse, parasites seen in blood
- Hot stage: hot skin, fever, full bounding, and rapid pulse, general discomfort
- Sweating stage: most comfortable stage no fever
Environmental factors for malaria?
Peak in July
Malarial month is June
World antimalarial day is 25th April
Temperature is 16 to 30°C
Relative humidity is more than 60% not more than 75%
Altitude is less than 2000 meter
Mode of transmission of malaria?
Direct by female Anopheles
Trophozoite is transfusion related : incubation period 5 to 7 days
Plasmodium falciparum is available in blood for more than 2 weeks at -4°C
No blood donation for three years in malarial endemic area
What are the complications of malaria?
Anaemia
Hepato-splenomegaly
Meningitis
Encephalopathy
Blackwater fever
Renal failure
What are the diseases comes under the programme: National vector Borne disease control programme?
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
Japanese encephalitis
Lymphatic filariasis
Visceral leishmaniasis or Kala Azar
All are transmitted by mosquitoes except Kala Azar, which is transmitted by Sandfly
