National Core Manual Flashcards
solution
when a substance is dissolved in a liquid
the components of a true solution cannot be mechanically separated
a true solution does not require agitation to keep its various parts from settling
suspension
a mixture of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid
the solid particles do not dissolve
mixture must be agitated to keep the particles evenly distributed
emulsion
when one liquid is dispersed (as droplets) in another liquid
each liquid retains its original identity, some degree of agitation generally is required to keep the emulsion from separating
emulsifiable concentrate (EC/E) and pros/cons
Most ECs contain between 25-75% AI per gallon
advantages = relatively easy to handle, transport, store; little agitation required; not abrasive; will not plug screens/nozzles
cons = high AI concentration makes it easy to OD or underdose through mixing or calibration errors; may cause damage to desirable plants (phototoxicity); easily absorbed through skil; solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts/surfaces to deteriorate; may cause pitting or discoloration of painted finishes; flammable; may be corrosive
ready-to-use low-concentrate solutions (RTU)
require no further dilution before application; contain a small amount of AI (often 1% or less per unit volume) dissolved in organic solvent
pros = do not stain fabrics, no unpleasant odors; useful for structural/institutional pests and for household use
cons = limited availability, high cost per unit of AI; harmful to foliage (often cannot be used as plant sprays)
ultra-low volume (ULV)
- concentrates may approach 100% AI
- designed to be used as is, or diluted w/ only small quantities of a specified carrer
- used at rates of no more than 1/2 gallon per acre
- used mostly in outdoor applications (agricultural, forestry, ornamental, mosquito control programs)
pros = relatively easy to handle, store, transport; remain in solution, little agitation required; not abrasive to equipment; will not plug screens/nozzles; leaves little visible residue
cons = high drift hazard; specialized equipment needed; easily absorbed through skin; solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts/surfaces to deteriorate; calibration and application must be done very carefully because of the high AI concentration
invert emulsion
- a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier
- requires a special kind of emulsifier that allows the pesticide to be mixed w/ a large volume of petroleum-based carrier
pros = reduce drift, runoff, and improves rain resistance; serves as a sticker-spreader by improving surface coverage and absorption
cons = difficult to get thorough coverage on the undersides of foliage due to large/heavy droplet size
flowables (F) or liquids (L)
- used when the AI is a solid that does not dissolve in either water or oil
- requires agitation
pros = easy to handle, apply
cons = subject to splash/spill; abrasive to wear of nozzles and pumps; packaged in containers of 5 gallons or less to make remixing easier
ready-to-use aerosals (A)
-small, self-contained units that release the pesticide when nozzle valve is triggered
pros = ready to use; portable; easily stored; convenient way to buy small amount of a pesticide; retain potency over fairly long time
cons = practical for only very limited uses; risk of inhalation injury; hazardous if punctured, over-heated, or used near an open flame; difficult to confine to target site/pest
routes of entry statements
indicate which route/routes of entry (mouth, skin, lungs) are particularly hazardous (e.g., DANGER - fatal if swallowed)
-not uniform on all labels
specific action statements
recommend specific precautions to take and protective clothing to wear to reduce exposure to the pesticide
directly related to the toxicity of the pesticide product (signal word) and routes of entry
e.g., Do not breathe vapors or spray mist; do not get on skin or clothing
statement of practical treatment
lists first-aid treatments recommended in case of poisoning/accidental exposure
e. g., in case of contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap and water
- all DANGER labels and some WARNING and CAUTION labels contain a note to physicians describing the appropriate medical procedures and antidotes for poisoning emergencies; label should always be available in emergencies
chemical name
the complex name that identifies the chemical components and structures of the AI
must be listed in the ingredient statement on the label
common name
used to substitute complex, longer chemical names/AI ingredients
only those officially accepted by the EPA may be used in the ingredient statement
federal food, drug, and cosmetic act (FFDCA)
- governs est of pesticide tolerances for food/feed products
- a tolerance is the max level of pesticide residues allowed in/on human food and animal feed
- administered by EPA and FDA
