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DEC Exam > AK Regulatory Pest Management (Category 1) > Flashcards

AK Regulatory Pest Management (Category 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Five steps of a regulatory pest management program

A
  1. identification of risk (AKEPIC, only rats and some invasive aquatic plants are specifically designated as regulated pests in AK)
  2. prevention of entry (primary strategy to prevent est.; state/federal quarantines)
  3. survey and detection (takes place throughout quarantine period; consistent monitoring)
  4. eradication (when prevention doesn’t work; the sooner the better)
  5. retardation of spread and mitigation of losses (when pest is est. and spreading)
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2
Q

the plant protection act of 2000 gives the sect. of ag authority to do what

A
  1. prohibit or restrict the movement of a plant/plant product
  2. seize, quarantine, treat, or destroy any plant, plant product, or plant pest to prevent introduction or spread of a pest/noxious weed
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3
Q

(AK regulated pest authority) the Dept of Natural Resources, Division of Agriculture has the authority to:

A
  1. regulate the sale, distribution, use, or entry into AK of plants, plant products, nursery stock, feeds, ag chemicals, and other substances
  2. est. quarantines for specified or newly identified pests
  3. examine and inspect premises containing products that may carry pests
  4. sample, inspect, or analyze agricultural products
  5. destroy or treat pests
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4
Q

in 2014, the DNR issued a quarantine prohibiting the importation, sale, or transport of what invasive aquatic plants in AK

A
  1. elodea (applicators must be certified in Category 6, aquatic pest control)
  2. Eurasian water millfoil
  3. Brazilian waterweed
  4. hydrilla
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5
Q

(general knowledge) there are 14 prohibited noxious weeds and 9 restricted weeds in AK as of 2016 … state law prohibits anyone from planting, selling, or transporting any seed/plants that contain any seed of prohibited weeds, or contains restricted weed seeds in excess of listed tolerances (seeds/lbs)

A
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6
Q

(general knowledge) there are 14 prohibited noxious weeds and 9 restricted weeds in AK as of 2016 … state law prohibits anyone from planting, selling, or transporting any seed/plants that contain any seed of prohibited weeds, or contains restricted weed seeds in excess of listed tolerances (seeds/lbs)

A
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7
Q

what is a weed

A

plants that grow where they are not wanted (can be native or non-native)

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8
Q

how do weeds spread

A

wind, water, mammals, birds, humans

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9
Q

characteristics of grasses

A
  • one seed leaf
  • narrow and upright leaves
  • veins parallel to leaf margins
  • fibrous, branching roots
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10
Q

characteristics of broadleaves

A
  • two seed leaves
  • broad leaves with netlike veins
  • taproot
  • herbaceous or woody
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11
Q

characteristics of annual plants

A
  • life cycle complete in less than 12 months
  • most common weed, easy to control
  • abundant seed, fast growth, high seed production
  • highly variable population
  • control by exhausting seed bank, stop seed production
  • summer annuals sprout in spring, die in winter
  • winter annuals sprout in winter, die in spring
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12
Q

characteristics of biennial plants

A
  • life cycle complete in 2 years
  • year 1, plant forms leaves and tap root
  • year 2, plant flowers and dies
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13
Q

characteristics of perennial plants

A
  • lives 2+ years, or indefinitely
  • re-sprout from plant parts (roots, rhizomes, stolons, tubers, and plant fragments)
  • do not let establish!
  • simple perennials spread by seed or crown buds on taproot (dandelion)
  • creeping perennials spread by stolons, rhizomes, seeds (canada thistle, quackgrass)
  • creeping can be hardest to control
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14
Q

the most common way that weeds are introduced into croplands

A

planting crop seed contaminated with weed seed

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15
Q

weed prevention methods

A
  1. make sure that weed seeds are not carried onto the area w/ contaminated crop seed, water, feed, manure, or on machinery
  2. prevent new weeds from going to seed by controlling them prior to seed set
  3. control weeds along fencelines and roads
  4. prevent spread of perennial weeds by not dragging/moving vegetative parts w/ machinery
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16
Q

mechanical methods of controlling weeds

A
  1. tillage - disturbed root system by dislodging/cutting; effective in hot, dry weather w/ dry soils; repeat every 2 weeks for 1-2 seasons; bury annual weeds
  2. mowing - reduces growth; doesn’t prevent seed production; favors perennials
  3. flooding - denies oxygen to leaves and roots; flood 6-10 inches for 3-8 weeks in summer; good in sandy soil, bad in clay/heavy soils; little effect on weed seeds in the soil
  4. fire - green plants may require 2 burnings (dry out and kill)
  5. mulching - emerging seedlings die from lack of sunlight
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17
Q

cultural methods of controlling weeds

A
  1. crop competition - select crops w/ rapid est., canopy closure and rapid regrowth
  2. rotation - reduces buildup of weeds common to a particular crop
  3. nurse/companion crops - plant w/ desired crop to suppress weed growth
  4. irrigating fields - done before planting may cause weed seeds to germinate; ctrl germinated weeds w/ mechanical or chemical methods before planting crop
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18
Q

contact herbicides

A
  • apply to plant foliage
  • kills part it contacts (ruptures cell membranes so contents leak out; fast acting)
  • does not move through plant (must obtain even distribution over the entire weed to be effective as only the areas the chemical touches will die)
  • fast acting
  • good for some annuals, not so much for perennials (only kills the shoots, not root system)
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19
Q

systemic herbicides

A
  • absorbed through foliage/shoots and moves through the plant
  • works best with actively growing plants
  • death occurs in days, weeks
  • perennial weed control (must contact roots)
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20
Q

soil applied (residual) herbicides

A

*must move into root zone, usually relies on mechanical incorporation (tilling), precipitation/overhead irrigation, or by soil injection

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21
Q

growth regulators

A
  • disrupts hormone balance and protein synthesis, causing growth abnormalities
  • effective against broadleaf weeds (annual, perennial) in crop grasses
  • symptoms = epinasty (weird bending/twisting of shoot tips)
  • herbicides = 2,4-D
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22
Q

amino acid synthesis inhibitors

A
  • prevent production of AA’s that form proteins (important to normal plant development)
  • symptoms = stunting, yellowing, purpling
  • herbicides = roundup
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23
Q

lipid inhibitors

A
  • disrupts fatty acid production (necessary for cell membranes and new plant growth)
  • only works on grasses
  • symptoms = stunting, yellowing, browning of leaves
  • herbicides = Select
24
Q

seedling growth inhibitors

A
  • interferes with new growth, stops normal seedling root/shoot development
  • applied to soil
  • root inhibitors = interrupts cell division & root growth, plant can’t take up water/nutrients; works well w/ grasses, small-seed broadleaf weeds
  • shoot inhibitors = disrupts cell growth
  • symptoms = stunted and swollen roots, seedlings that never emerge
  • herbicides = Lasso
25
Q

photosynthesis inhibitors

A

*can’t convert light energy into sugar, result is build up of toxic products
*symptoms = yellowing, death of leaf tissue where contact occurs
herbicides = Princep, Spike

26
Q

cell membrane disrupters

A
  • destroys membranes
  • contact herbicide applied post-emergence
  • symptoms = browning of plant tissue
  • herbicides = gramoxone, reglone
27
Q

pigment inhibitors

A
  • prevents chlorophyll formation
  • soil applied
  • symptoms - white leaves
  • herbicides = command
28
Q

selective vs non-selective herbicides

A

selective targets specific plants (e.g., broadleaves), non-selective targets everyone

29
Q

plant factors that affect selectivity

A
  • plant structure = leaf angle size, hairiness, and the thickness of wax and cuticle greatly affects the retention and absorption of herbicides; upright leaves, hairy leaves, or waxy leaves are less likely to retain herbicide spray
  • plant physiology = some plants can metabolize herbicides better than others; warmer temps can increase metabolic rate; if plant cannot metabolize herbicide fast enough, injury or death occurs
30
Q

application factors that can affect herbicide selectivity

A
  • application rate = selective at lower rate, may become non-selective at higher rate
  • formulation = liquid A.I. may not have same selectivity as granular version
  • time of application = proper timing (pre-planting, pre-emergence, post-emergence)
  • placement in the soil = directed sprays limit herbicide contact w/ the crop; wiper treatments apply contact or translocated herbicides selectively to weeds;
31
Q

chemical factors that can affect selectivity

A
  • formulation = can influence solubility, absorption, etc.
  • adjuvants = (either already in formulation or added) help herbicide cover, stick to, and/or penetrate the leaves of target plants; (1) enhance pesticide efficacy, (2) improve ease of application
32
Q

methods to help prevent the development of herbicide resistance

A
  1. use other methods of wee control in addition to herbicide
  2. rotate crops regularly
  3. rotate among herbicide families if crop rotation is not a good option
  4. do not use higher rates when weed control starts to decline
  5. kill all targeted weeds if possible
  6. use herbicide combinations

*use these steps proactively, before resistance becomes evident

33
Q

methods to help prevent the development of herbicide resistance

A
  1. only use herbicides when necessary (see economic thresholds)
  2. rotate herbicides (sites of action)
  3. apply herbicides that include multiple sites of action
  4. rotate crops, particularly those w/ different life cycles
  5. include mechanical weed control practices
  6. clean tillage & harvest equipment
34
Q

absorption

A

process in which a fluid is dissolved by a liquid or a solid (absorbent)

35
Q

adsorption

A

process in which atoms, ions or molecules from a substance (gas, liquid, solid) adhere to the surface of the adsorbent (e.g., soil)

once a chemical is adsorbed to soil, it is inactive and unavailable to the plant. it must be a solution in water to become available

36
Q

why are herbicides least likely to adsorb to sand, and most likely to adsorb to clay

A 
sand = low SA, few adsorptive sites
silt = intermediate SA, some " "
clay = high SA, many adsorptive sites (not good for positively charged herbicides; positively charged chemicals have trouble moving through the soil profile)
37
Q

why are herbicides more likely to adsorb to soils with high organic content/organic matter

A

many adsorptive sites for positive and negative charged ions

38
Q

why do higher temps lead to less herbicide selectivity

A

increases plant metabolic rate, absorbs pesticide more quickly

39
Q

why can rainfall result in poor weed control for both foliar and soil-applied herbicides

A

*rainfall that occurs too soon after foliar application may wash off the chemical

40
Q

how can humidity affect herbicide efficacy

A
  • when a plant grows under humid conditions, a foliar application enters the leaf more easily and rapidly than at a lower humidity
  • higher humidity, more succulent leaf (thinner cuticle)
41
Q

how can wind affect herbicide efficacy

A
  • wind can intensify effects of drought and high temp stress

* hot, dry winds cause leaf surfaces to thicken and wax layers to harden, hard to absorb herbicide

42
Q

what are the 4 growth stages of a weed

A
  1. seedling
  2. vegetative
  3. flowering
  4. maturity
43
Q

at what growth stage of an annual weed is it most susceptible to control efforts

A
  1. seedling (when rapid growth takes place) = most susceptible
  2. vegetative = feasible, needs more herbicide
  3. flowering = most difficult
  4. maturity = not effective
44
Q

why is it important to know when plant sugars flow from leaves towards the roots in perennial plants

A
  • in winter, plants store sugar in roots
  • in spring, the plant will use the sugars to grow shoots
  • in the summer and fall after flowering, the plants restock the roots w/ sugars for next year’s growth
  • translocated (systemic) herbicides move w/ the flow of plant sugars; apply herbicides when the flow of sugars is downwards towards the roots (summer, fall)
45
Q

growth stages of a perennial weed that are generally most susceptible to herbicides

A
  1. seedling = easy, requires translocation
  2. vegetative = poor
  3. flowering = most effective prior to flowering (budding)
  4. maturity = ineffective
  5. fall regrowth = effective
46
Q

7 factors that may impact the amount of spray drift from applying herbicides

A
  1. droplet size
  2. boom height
  3. spray type
  4. additives
  5. equipment
  6. wind
  7. temperature inversions
47
Q

vapor drift

A

the movement of pesticide vapors outside the area being treated

fumes causing damage, risk increases when humidity decreases and temperature/wind increases

48
Q

how does humidity and temp impact vapor drift

A

increased temps with decreased humidity = increased evaporation rate (volatilization)

48
Q

how does humidity and temp impact vapor drift

A

increased temps with decreased humidity = increased evaporation rate (volatilization)

49
Q

factors that can increase the chance of herbicide leaching into groundwater

A
  1. rainfall
  2. irrigation
  3. sandy soils
  4. shallow water tables
  5. residual herbicides
50
Q

factors that determine the length of residual activity of a herbicide

A
  1. photodegradation
  2. microbial degradation
  3. chemical degradation
  4. adsorption
  5. leaching
  6. volatilization
  7. removal by plants
  8. pH of soil
51
Q

methods to help reduce levels of residual herbicide in the soil

A
  1. plant crops tolerant to herbicide
  2. delay planting sensitive crops
  3. deep plowing
  4. deactivate with organic materials
52
Q

cut stump herbicide treatment

A

herbicide is applied directly to the stump top (inside the bark around the entire circumference as this is where it is most effectively transferred to the roots) immediately after cutting down the plant; the herbicide kills the stump and prevents new growth that would normally occur after cutting alone

53
Q

foliar, basal, frill, cut stump, soil

A
  1. foliar = directly onto leaves; made when leaves are fully expand; adequate coverage is essential
  2. basal = directly to the bark; made anytime (winter is easiest); adequate coverage is essential
  3. frill = type of tree injection used to apply herbicides inside the stems, use a hatched to slit the bark and use a hand sprayer to apply a calibrated amount of herbicide into the slit; avoid application during spring/heavy upward sap flow
  4. cut stump = herbicide applied to cut surface as quickly as possible
  5. soil = pellets; after a rain, the solution moves into the roots of woody planst
54
Q

when should you replace a nozzle

A

when output is 10% more or less than the average rate

55
Q

3 factors that affect sprayer delivery rate

A
  1. nozzle output
  2. nozzle spacing
  3. ground speed

DEC Exam (3 decks)

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