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Economics OCR Alevel > National and International Economy > Flashcards

National and International Economy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three injections

A

Investment
Government spending
Exports

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2
Q

What are the three withdrawals

A

Savings
Taxation
Imports

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3
Q

Define marginal propensity to consume

A

The increase in consumption following an increase in income

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4
Q

How do you calculate the multiplier

A

Multiplier = 1/(1 - mcp)
Multiplier = 1 / (mps + mpt + mpm)

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5
Q

How do you use the multiplier

A

Multiplier x injection = total increase in GDP

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6
Q

Define the multiplier effect

A

When an injection into the circular flow leads to a greater proportional increase in AD

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7
Q

Define the accelerator effect

A

An economic postulation whereby investment expenditure increases when aggregate demand/national income increases

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8
Q

Explain the accelerator effect

A

1) Increase in consumer demand
2) Firms get close to full capacity
3) Firms invest to meet rising demand and increase capacity

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9
Q

Define an economic shock

A

An unexpected or unpredictable event that effects the economy

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10
Q

What two ways can shocks be categorised

A

1) demand-side or supply-side
2) positive or negative

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11
Q

What are world demand shocks

A

Shocks associated with a rise or a decline in spending and confidence abroad

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12
Q

What are world supply/price shocks

A

Shocks that affect the global supply and the price of goods and services

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13
Q

Give 2 supply side shocks that have resulted from COVID-19

A

1) fall in productivity due to disrupted economic supply chains, temporary business closures and growth in business bankruptcies
2) a fall in business investment due to a loss of confidence

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14
Q

Give a demand side shocks as a result of COVID-19

A

1) Sharp fall in consumer demand due to shop closures, leading to a rise in unemployment and a rise in redundancies

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15
Q

Give 3 points of evaluation when analysing economic shocks

A

1) the size of the shock - a slowdown is not the same as a recession
2) the scale of the shock- regional vs global
3) what are the multiplier/accelerator effects?
4) Can economic policy respond - is the response likely to be effective?

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16
Q

What can demand and supply side shocks cause

A

Cyclical instability - leading to booms and slumps in the economy

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17
Q

What is another cause of cyclical instability

A

Confidence
1) when the economy shows signs of instability, consumers and firms become risk averse
2) may lead to individuals saving a larger % of their income
3) larger saving rate can cause a larger fall in output and thus more instability
(Made worse by herding habits)

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18
Q

What could exacerbate economic cyclical instability?

A

The interaction of the multiplier and the accelerator

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19
Q

Define macroeconomic stability

A

The absence of excessive fluctuations in the macroeconomy, key economic indicators are in balance

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20
Q

Give 3 ways macroeconomic stability can be measured

A

1) the size and volatility of inflation
2) changes and amount in/of unemployment
3) the stability of the exchange rate in currency markets
4) real GDP growth over one or more business cycles

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21
Q

Give 2 benefits of a stable economy

A

1) stable low inflation encourages higher investment which is a determinant of improved productivity
2) stable inflation helps maintain price competitiveness for exporters
3) stability breeds higher levels of consumer and business confidence - drives spending into the circular flow

22
Q

How may economic growth and environmental sustainability conflict

A

1) increased growth = increased AD
2) firms produce more the meet to increased AD
3) more production leads to increased pollution and increased use of land
4) leads to polluting the planted and depleting natural resources
5) leads to decreased environmental sustainability

23
Q

How may economic growth and income distribution conflict

A

1) economic growth often creates the best opportunities for those who are highly skilled and educated
2) worsens income inequality

24
Q

How may economic growth and a balanced, stable balance of payments conflict

A

Increased AD = Increased Income = Increased Inflation = Decreased International Competitiveness = Increased Imports and Decreased Exports = Unbalanced BOP

25
Q

How may economic growth and full employment conflict

A

Increased LRAS could cause a negative output gap, where the economy operates below full employment

26
Q

What does the Lorenz curve show

A

Income distribution within an economy

27
Q

What can be calculated from a Lorenz curve, and what does it show

A

The Gini coefficient
(Smaller Gini coefficient = more income EQUALITY)

28
Q

What does the quantity theory of money state

A

That there is a direct relationship between the quantity of money in the economy and the price level

29
Q

What is Fisher’s equation, and explain what each term means

A

MV = PT
M = money supply
V = velocity of circulation (how many times money changes hands)
P = price level
T = volume of transactions of goods and services

30
Q

What does the theory around the quantity theory of money assume

A

That V and T are constant in the short term
Therefore any increase in the money supply will directly lead to an increase in the price level

31
Q

Explain the process of quantitative easing

A

1) the central bank creates money electronically
2) this money is used to purchase financial assets - mainly government bonds
3) more demand leads to increased price for assets, e.g higher bond prices
4) rise is bond prices leads to a lower yield on the bonds
5) this leads to reduced interest rates
6) also, more liquidity for banks to loan causes an increase in the supply of loanable funds, also reducing interest rates
7) lower interest rates and increased cash in the banking system should stimulation consumption and investment, hence growth

32
Q

What is a liquidity trap

A

A term originally used by Keynes to describe a situation when even low nominal interest rates have little effect on AD because of low consumer and business confidence, and a fragile banking system

33
Q

What real life impact has quantitative easing had?

A
  • Estimated to have cut long term interest rates by 1%
  • making it easier for companies to issue bonds and for people to get cheaper mortgages
  • helps avoid the threat of deflation
34
Q

What does the MV part of Fisher’s equation represent

A

Expenditure (what is bought)

35
Q

What does the PT part of Fisher’s equality represent

A

Output (what is sold)

36
Q

Why does an increase in the money supply increase the price level

A

More money chasing the same quantity of goods and services will put upward pressure on prices

37
Q

What is an evaluation point on the quantity theory of money?

A
  • Keynesian economists argue that V and T are not fixed and are not stable
  • Therefore there is not a direct relationship between M and P
38
Q

Define inflation

A

The sustained rise in the average price of goods and services in an economy in a given period of time

39
Q

Define disinflation

A

A fall in the inflation rate, the general price level is increasing at a slower rate

40
Q

Define deflation

A

A decrease in the general price level - a negative inflation rate

41
Q

How is inflation measured

A

Measured by calculating the average weighted increase in the price of a typical basket of goods over a period of time

42
Q

What are the two main ways of measuring inflation

A

1) consumer price index
2) retail price index (takes house prices into account)

43
Q

How is a typical basket of goods determined

A

It is made to reflect the spending habits of individuals

44
Q

What is the Phillips curve

A

A curve that shows the trade-off between employment and inflation

45
Q

Draw the Phillips curve

A
46
Q

Give 3 consequences of inflation

A

Fall in value of money
Uncertainty
Loss of international competitiveness
Fiscal drag
Shoe and leather costs
Menu costs

47
Q

Define fiscal drag

A

when tax brackets are not adjusted in line with inflation and when an employee receives a higher wage they are dragged into the higher tax bracket. Therefore taxpayers pay a higher proportion of their income in tax and experience a fall in disposable income

48
Q

Define shoe and leather costs

A

the costs associated with comparing prices. These costs occur when prices are unstable

49
Q

Define menu costs

A

The costs associated with regularly amending price-lists

50
Q

Give 3 costs of deflation

A

Increase the burden of debt
Hard to access finance
Reduces consumer and business confidence

Economics OCR Alevel (39 decks)

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