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NASM CPT > NASM CPT Chapter 7 > Flashcards

NASM CPT Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes, which include the:

A

sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane

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2
Q

the observable movement of a limb

A

osteokinematic

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3
Q

the movement taking place at the joint itself

A

arthrokinematic

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4
Q

an imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides. (front to back and up and down movements)

ex: bicep curls, tri pushdowns, squats, lunges, calf raises, walking, running, jumping

A

sagittal plane

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5
Q

bisects the body to create front and back halves.

ex. Jumping jacks, side lunges, lateral shoulder raises

A

frontal plane

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6
Q

bisects the body to create upper and lower halves.

ex. Dumbbell chest fly, swinging a bat

A

transverse plane

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7
Q

Muscle action when force is produced, muscle tension developed, movement occurs through given range of motion.

A

isotonic (can be broken down into concentric and eccentric phases)

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8
Q

Muscle action when contractile force is equal to resistive force, leading to no visible change in muscle length ex. plank

A

isometric

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9
Q

Muscles action when the muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM

A

isokinetic

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10
Q

muscles that act as prime movers for joint motion

Ex. Gluteus maximus is the agonist for hip extension

A

agonist

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11
Q

when one muscle assists a primary mover to perform a key movement

ex. the serratus anterior assists the deltoid with shoulder flexion
ex. hamstring complex and back muscles synergize with the gluteus maximus during hip extension

A

synergist

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12
Q

muscles that contract isometrically to support and stabilize joints while prime movers and synergists move through the entire muscle action spectrum

Ex. deep abdominal/ spinal muscle and internal obliques stabilize the LPHC during hip extension

Ex. During a squat, the hip abductor muscles may contract isometrically to prevent thigh adduction and internal rotation

A

stabilizer

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13
Q

muscles that perform the opposite action of prime movers

Ex. hip flexor complex that is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus during hip extension

Ex. the biceps brachii is an agonist to elbow flexion; thus, when activated during elbow extension, it is considered an antagonist

A

antagonist

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14
Q

These movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object

Ex. push ups, squats, pull ups, or lunges

A

closed-chain

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15
Q

This movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space

Ex. lat pulldown, bicep curl, bench press, leg curl, and leg extension

A

open-chain

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16
Q

the integration of motor control processes, with practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

A

motor learning

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17
Q

What 3 systems make up the human movement system (HMS)?

A

muscular system
skeletal system
nervous system

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18
Q

muscles that work in a synergistic function around a joint

Ex. The internal and external obliques function to create trunk rotation

A

force-couple

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19
Q

the study of mechanical laws or principles relating to movement

A

biomechanics

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20
Q

the study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology

A

kinesiology

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21
Q

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts by using the information from the mechanoreceptors (i.e., muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors)

A

proprioception

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22
Q

positioned on the opposite side of the body

A

contralateral

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23
Q

positioned on the same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

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24
Q

away from the middle of the body

A

lateral

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25
Q

positioned nearest to the center of the body or reference point

A

proximal

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26
Q

positioned farthest from the center of the body or reference point

A

distal

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27
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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28
Q

toward the feet of the body

A

inferior

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29
Q

toward the head of the body

A

superior

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30
Q

T/F: The quadriceps work eccentrically during the lowering phase of a squat and concentrically during the rising phase, both in the sagittal plane

A

TRUE

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31
Q

the bending movement when the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decrease

A

flexion

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32
Q

straightening movement when the relative angle between 2 adjacent angles increases

A

extension

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33
Q

ankle flexion

A

dorsiflexion

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34
Q

Below an identified reference point

A

inferior

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35
Q

Above an identified reference point

A

superior

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36
Q

____: movement away from the midline of the body

_____: movement towards the midline of the body

A

Abduction

Adduction

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37
Q

bending of the spine from side to side in the frontal plane

A

lateral flexion

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38
Q

heel bone moves laterally (bottom of foot faces outward)

A

eversion

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39
Q

heel bone moves medially (bottom of foot faces inward)

A

inversion

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40
Q

Pronation of the foot includes ___, ______, and ankle ____

A

eversion
dorsiflexion
abduction

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41
Q

T/F: During normal walking and running, the pelvis rotates in the transverse plane to facilitate the necessary momentum for the swing phase of gait, where leg and thigh are advanced forward.

A

TRUE

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42
Q

rotation towards the middle of the body

A

internal rotation

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43
Q

rotation away from the middle of the body

A

external rotation

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44
Q

arm/thigh movement in the transverse plane from an anterior position to lateral

A

horizontal abduction

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45
Q

arm/thigh movement in the transverse plane from a lateral position to anterior

A

horizontal adduction

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46
Q

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position

A

radioulnar pronation

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47
Q

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position

A

radioulnar supination

48
Q

Three types of arthrokinematic (joint surface) movement

A

roll
slide
spin

49
Q

when shoulder blades some closer together

A

scapular retraction

50
Q

when shoulder blades move further away from each other

A

scapular protraction

51
Q

shoulder blades move downward

A

scapular depression

52
Q

shoulder blades move upward

A

scapular elevation

53
Q

fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone

A

ligaments

54
Q

excessive ROM around a joint

A

hypermobility

55
Q

limited ROM around joint

A

hypomobility

56
Q

movement through eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle actions

A

muscle action spectrum

57
Q

(lifting) when a contractile force is greater than resistive force resulting in shortening of the muscle

A

concentric

58
Q

(lowering) muscle develops tension while lowering/lengthening

A

eccentric

59
Q

____ muscle actions expend the highest amount of energy when compared to both other muscle actions, provided that the duration of time is fixed

A

Concentric

60
Q

Which muscle action requires less energy to complete a task like weightlifting since fewer motor units are required compared to the other phase

A

eccentric

61
Q

4 categories of functional movement:

A

agonist
synergist
stabilizer
antagonist

62
Q

automatic muscle activation in anticipation of a movement

Ex. the transversus abdominus is activated in a feed-forward manner in anticipation of extremity movements

A

feed forward activation

63
Q

interaction between 2 entities that results in acceleration or deceleration of an object

Characterized by magnitude (how much) and direction

A

force

64
Q

association between resting length and amount of internal tension it can produce at that resting length

A

length-tension relationship

65
Q

thin, stringlike myofilaments that act along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

A

actin

66
Q

thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

A

myosin

67
Q

structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between 2 Z-lines

A

sarcomere

68
Q

all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing a joint to rest in a neutral position

A

muscle balance

69
Q

reduces the amount of force a muscle can produce because a muscles resting length is too short/long

A

altered length-tension relationship

70
Q

nervous systems role in the contract-relax relationship between agonists and antagonists

A

reciprocal inhibition

71
Q

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

A

altered reciprocal inhibition

72
Q

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction

A

stretch-shortening cycle

73
Q

Springlike non-contractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy

A

series elastic component

74
Q

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle

A

amortization phase

75
Q

During the stretch-shortening cycle, stored energy occurs during the ____ action and is released during the ______ action

A

eccentric

concentric

76
Q

The storage and release of elastic energy increases force production if the time between the eccentric and concentric phase is ____

A

rapid

77
Q

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

A

stretch reflex

78
Q

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)

A

integrated force paradigm

79
Q

Force ______ as the velocity of a muscle contraction ____

A

increases

decreases

80
Q

inverse relationship between force and velocity and refers to a muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing contraction velocities (more force produced on eccentric contraction = lower concentric contraction velocity)

A

force velocity curve

81
Q

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

tendons

82
Q

T/F: muscles cannot actively push - they can only pull on their respective bones

A

TRUE

83
Q

muscles that generally attach on or near the vertebrae and stabilize the trunk of the body

A

local muscular system

84
Q

larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints as prime movers during functional tasks

A

global muscular system

85
Q

Force ______ as the velocity of a muscle contraction ____

A

increases

decreases

86
Q

Which muscular system is composed of the inner unit of the core including rotatores, multifidus, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, pelvic floor, and quadratus lumborum

A

local muscular system

87
Q

Which muscular system is the stabilization system of the core

A

local muscular system

88
Q

Which muscular system is considered the “movement” systems and includes the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi

A

global muscular system

89
Q

4 Global Muscular System subsystems

A
  1. Deep longitudinal (DLS)
    Includes: muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region (erector spinae)
    create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait
  2. Posterior oblique (POS)
    Includes: latissimus dorsi, connective tissue of the low back, and contralateral gluteus maximus
  3. Anterior oblique
    Includes: obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators
    The AOS and POS work together as a global force-couple in enabling rotational force production in the transverse plane.
  4. Lateral (LS)
    Includes: lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane
    creating and maintaining frontal plane (side-to-side)
90
Q

What consists of a rigid bar that pivots around a stationary pivot point (fulcrum)

A

lever

91
Q

These levers have fulcrums in the middle like a seesaw

Ex. head nod

A

first class

92
Q

These levers have effort in the middle placed between the resistance and the fulcrum

Most limbs in body

Ex. forearm, standing hamstring curl

A ____-____ lever has the effort arm between the resistance arm and fulcrum; thus, the biceps curl is a classic example, as the fulcrum is at the elbow joint, the effort is the tendon attachment at the forearm, and the resistance arm is the load at the hand

A

third class

93
Q

These levers have effort in the middle placed between the resistance and the fulcrum

Most limbs in body

Ex. forearm, standing hamstring curl

This lever has the effort arm between the resistance arm and fulcrum; thus, the biceps curl is a classic example, as the fulcrum is at the elbow joint, the effort is the tendon attachment at the forearm, and the resistance arm is the load at the hand

A

third class

94
Q

4 Global Muscular System subsystems

A
  1. Deep longitudinal (DLS)
    Includes: muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region (erector spinae)
    create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait
  2. Posterior oblique (POS)
    Includes: latissimus dorsi, connective tissue of the low back, and contralateral gluteus maximus
  3. Anterior oblique
    Includes: obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators
    The AOS and POS work together as a global force-couple in enabling rotational force production in the transverse plane.
  4. Lateral (LS)
    Includes: lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum, all of which provide movement in the frontal plane
    creating and maintaining frontal plane (side-to-side) and stabilization of the LPHC
95
Q

A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm)

A

torque

96
Q

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

A

motor control

97
Q

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

A

motor behavior

98
Q

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement

A

muscle synergies

99
Q

Muscle Synergies: Squat

A

Agonists: quadriceps, gluteus maximus
Synergist: hamstrings complex
Stabilizer: transverse abdominis

100
Q

Muscle Synergies: Shoulder Press

A

Agonists: deltoids
Synergist: triceps brachii
Stabilizers: rotator cuff

101
Q

Muscle Synergies: Bench Press

A

Agonist: pectoralis major
Synergists: triceps brachii, anterior deltoid
Stabilizer: rotator cuff

102
Q

Muscle Synergies: Seated Row

A

Agonist: latissimus dorsi
Synergists: posterior deltoid, biceps brachii
Stabilizers: rotator cuff

103
Q

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

A

mechanoreceptors

104
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback?

A

internal feedback: Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

external feedback: Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment

105
Q

Types of external feedback

A
  1. knowledge of results: Ex. CPT telling that their squat looked “good” followed by asking if the client could see their good form
  2. knowledge of performance: Noticing improper form and asking a client if they felt different during those reps
106
Q

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the lifespan

A

motor development

107
Q

Appropriately loaded _____ muscle actions performed as part of an exercise routine have been shown to increase anabolic hormone stimulation greater than ________ actions.

A

eccentric

concentric

108
Q

Limited ankle dorsiflexion, as a result of ankle stiffness, may limit the depth of a squat during the lowering phase. This can be addressed through stretching of the plantar flexor muscle and may be accommodated during a squat by placing a small weight or board under the heels

A

dorsiflexion

109
Q

During a biceps curl, all of the elbow flexors are recruited; however, changing wrist and forearm position leads to preferential recruitment with the ___________ being targeted when curling with the thumb up.

A

brachioradialis

110
Q

What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?

A

Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic

111
Q

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion

A

flexibility

112
Q

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

A

muscle imbalance

113
Q

One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?

A

muscle synergies

114
Q

What effects may occur if the amortization phase of a plyometric exercise is prolonged?

A

Stored energy will dissipate as heat, and the unloading phase will be less powerful.

115
Q

What muscle groups work both eccentrically and concentrically in the sagittal plane during a squat?

A

quadriceps

NASM CPT (24 decks)

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