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NASM CPT > NASM CPT Chapter 5 > Flashcards

NASM CPT Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system provides ______ (afferent) and ____ (efferent) information

A
  1. sensory

2. motor

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2
Q

The human movement system includes an integration of the:

A

nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems

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3
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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4
Q

Which 2 systems make up the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomic nervous system)

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5
Q

Which receptors are included in the Peripheral Nervous Systems?

A

mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors

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6
Q

Two important sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors)

A

the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ

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7
Q

The two Peripheral Nervous System subdivisions

A

somatic nervous system: nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
autonomic nervous system: supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary responses in the body (food digestion, hormone production, etc)

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8
Q

(4) Electrolytes the Nervous System requires for proper function (i.e. transmitting nerve impulses through the body)

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water (main electrolyte in the body)

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9
Q

Motor skill development often occurs in these three stages

A

cognitive, associative, and autonomous

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10
Q

The skeletal system provides support for the ____ and _______

A
  1. body

2. protects internal organs

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11
Q

The skeletal system has two divisions:

A

axial: 80 bones in the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
appendicular: 126 bones in the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle

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12
Q

Bone growth occurs throughout life and remodels itself with specialized cells called ______ and ________

A

osteoblasts: special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
osteoclasts: special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

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13
Q

5 categories of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

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14
Q

The vertebral column has five distinct regions:

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.

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15
Q

In between each vertebra is an _______ that acts as a shock absorber and assists with movement.

A

intervertebral disc

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16
Q

_______ describes bone movement, and _______ describes movement at the joint surface

A

Osteokinematic

arthrokinematic

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17
Q

Synovial joints have six classifications:

A

gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket joints

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18
Q

The ________ links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body

A

muscular system

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19
Q

______ consist of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments ____ and ____, which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory. _________ is also needed to create energy for this process

A

Myofibrils
actin and myosin
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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20
Q

_____ describes the steps in the muscle contraction process involving the nervous and muscular systems

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

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21
Q

The electrolyte ______ and neurotransmitter ___________ are involved in the excitation-contraction coupling process

A

calcium

acetylcholine (helps nerve impulses cross from the synapse to the muscle)

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22
Q

What describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all

A

The all-or-nothing principle

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23
Q

Muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with _____ innervated fibers. Motor units involved in gross motor control have motor units with ___ innervated fibers

A

fewer

more

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24
Q

Type I muscle fibers used for stabilization are slow-twitch, ______ in size, produce ____ force, and are fatigue ______.
Type II, fast-twitch, muscle fibers are ____ in size, produce ____ force, and fatigue ______

A

smaller
less
resistant
“red fibers”

larger
more
quickly
“white fibers”

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25
Q

The Nervous System has 3 primary functions:

A
  1. sensory: ability to sense environmental changes
  2. integrative: ability to analyze/interpret sensory info to allow for appropriate decision making
  3. motor functions: body’s response (via efferent pathway) to the sensory information
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26
Q

specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

A

mechanoreceptors (muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors)

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27
Q

Neurons are composed of: _____ (nucleus and other organelles like mitochondria), ____ (cylindrical projection that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons), and _______ (gather info from other structures and transmit them back to neuron)

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

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28
Q

Two systems within the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic NS: works to increase neural activity and signals endocrine organs to release hormones, such as adrenaline, to increase heart rate, breathing, and alertness (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic NS: works to decrease neural activity by suspending the release of excitatory hormones (rest and digest)

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29
Q

The human body has ____ bones forming over ____ joints

A

206

300

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30
Q

The skeletal system serves 2 functions:

A

Acts as levers where muscles attach

Provide support translating into posture

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31
Q

process of resorption and formation of the bone structure by special cells

A

remodeling

32
Q

how remodeling occurs on stress lines of bone

A

Wolff’s Law

33
Q

composed of compact bone tissue to ensure strength and stiffness (also include spongy tissue for shock absorption)
Clavicle, humorous, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, etc.

A

long bones

34
Q

similar in length and width and composed of mainly spongy tissue to maximize shock absorption
Wrist carpals, ankle tarsals

A

short bones

35
Q

thin bones comprising of 2 layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy tissue and protect internal structures and provide broad attachment sites for muscles
Cranium, scapulae, sternum, ribs

A

flat bones

36
Q

bones that don’t fit the characteristics of other categories

Sacrum, coccyx, vertebrae

A

irregular bones

37
Q

small bones embedded in joint capsules or found where a tendon passes over a joint to improve leverage and protect joint
Patella

A

sesamoid bones

38
Q

two types of bone markings:

A

Depressions: flattened or indented portions of the bone

Processes: projections protruding through the bone which tendons and ligaments can attach

39
Q

vertebral column consists of these 5 series:

A

Cervical Spine (C1-7): support/ motion for the head

Thoracic Spine (T1-T12): helps to form rear anchor for rib cage

Lumbar Spine (L1-L5): largest segments and support most of the body’s weight

Sacrum: 5 vertebrae fused together

Coccyx: tailbone

40
Q

The adult spine has 3 main curvatures:

A

Posterior Cervical Curve
Anterior Thoracic Curve
Posterior Lumbar Curve

41
Q

3 types of arthrokinematics

A

roll
slide
spin

42
Q

the most common joints associated with movement (comprise 80% of all joints in the body)

A

synovial joints

43
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

Gliding: simplest movement of all joints
Condyloid: predominantly one direction movement with minimal movement in others
Hinge: uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction
Saddle: only found in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb
Pivot: allow movement in predominantly one direction
Ball-and-socket: most mobile of the joints allowing movement in all 3 directions

44
Q

these joints have no joint capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
Ex. Skull sutures

A

non synovial joints

45
Q

fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone, provide static/dynamic stability, and sensory input to the nervous system
Primarily made up of collagen with varying amounts of elastin

A

ligaments

46
Q

system that is responsible for generating the forces that move the human body

A

muscular system

47
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  1. skeletal holds the most importance for fitness prof)
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth (tissues of the internal organs)
48
Q

skeletal muscle layers

A
  1. fascia: first layer
  2. epimysium: “deep fascia” that directly surrounds muscle
  3. fascicles: largest fiber bundles individually bundled together by endomysium and wrapped by connective tissue called perimysium

(most superficial: epimysium > perimysium > endomysium)

49
Q

where the physiological processes of muscle contraction occur… the contractile components of a muscle cell

A

myofibrils (made of myofilaments)

50
Q

functional unit of the muscular system (it’s the physical site where contraction occurs)

A

sarcomere (meeting point: z-line)

51
Q

what connects muscles to bones

A

tendons

52
Q

torn or overstretched TENDON

A

strain

53
Q

torn or overstretched LIGAMENT

A

sprain

54
Q

the series of steps in muscle contraction :
A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z-lines moving closer together
The Z-lines converge as a result of myosin filaments heads attaching to the actin filaments heads, pulling across the myosin, resulting in muscle fiber shortening

A

Sliding Filament Theory

55
Q

Humans can learn new things at any stage of life, due to which process that causes the brain to reform neural pathways?

A

neuroplasticity

56
Q

The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate

A

neuromuscular junction function

57
Q

A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular LENGTH and the rate of that change

A

muscle spindle

58
Q

A sensory receptor sensitive to changes in muscular TENSION and the rate of that change

A

golgi tendon organ

59
Q

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, re-forming neural pathways

A

neuroplasticity

60
Q

The site where two bones meet and movement occurs due to muscle contraction

A

joint

61
Q

Rigid rods (usually a long bone) where muscles attach

A

levers

62
Q

Composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops

A

sacrum

63
Q

Composed of three to five small, fused bones

A

coccyx

64
Q

Found only in the metacarpal joint in the thumb

A

saddle joint

65
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

A

fascia

66
Q

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle

A

epimysium

67
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle

A

perimysium

68
Q

The largest bundles of fibers within a muscle

A

fascicle

69
Q

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

A

endomysium

70
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries?

A

Type 1

71
Q

When a client’s heart rate is raised during cardio activities, this is being caused by which system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

72
Q

What is the term for the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission?

A

neurotransmitters

73
Q

Which joint has the simplest movement, moving either back and forth or side to side?

A

nonaxial

74
Q

Which of the following protein structures is important for muscular contractions by providing a binding site?

A

troponin

75
Q

What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles?

A

fascia

76
Q

the body’s response to integrated sensory information via the efferent pathway (e.g., causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far or changing one’s walking pattern)

A

motor function

NASM CPT (24 decks)

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