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Y2S1 RESP. > NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL SINUSES & NASOPHARYNX > Flashcards

NASAL CAVITY, PARANASAL SINUSES & NASOPHARYNX Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of respiration

A

(1) ventilation (breathing)
(2) gas exchange
• Between the air and blood in the lungs
• Between the blood and other tissues of the body
(3) oxygen utilization by the tissues in the energy- liberating reactions

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2
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS of RS

A
  1. Surfaceforgasexchange
    – Located deep within the body to warm, moisten, and cleanse the incoming air
  2. Thin-walled membrane – To facilitate diffusion
  3. Selectively permeable membrane – To facilitate diffusion
  4. Moist membrane
    – O2 and CO2 can be dissolved in water to facilitate diffusion
  5. Extensive capillary network
  6. Effective ventilation mechanism
    – To constantly replenish the air
  7. The system must function autonomically
    – effective monitoring and feedback mechanisms
    – be able to function voluntarily for desired increased or decreased rates
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3
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory tract and what is its function

A
  • nose (nasal cavity)
  • nasopharynx
    these are used in the conduction division
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4
Q

what makes up the lower Respiratory tract and what is its function

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree (to the terminal bronchioles)
  • alveolar ducts
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • alveolar sac

these function as the respiratory division

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5
Q

what is the role of the muscles around the nose

A

– Act as sphincters or
dilators
– Control the diameter of the nares and adjust air flow

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6
Q

nasal vestibule

A

the nostrils lead immediately to this, it is lined by skin that has hair follicles

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7
Q

what is the name of the hair that lines the nasal vestibule

A

vibrissae, these are the first air filters

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8
Q

the septum divides the nose in half… tell ,e about the make up of the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

it is made of bone posteriorly…
vomer inferiorly posteriorly
ethmoid posterior superiorly

and cartilage anteriorly

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9
Q

what makes up the roof of the nasal cavity

A

nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones (this is the olfactory region)

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10
Q

what makes up the floor of the nasal cavity

A

palatine bones and the maxilla

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11
Q

what makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A 
superior concha (these are the passages created)
middle concha (S+M Are from one projection)
inferior concha

these are turbinates that project from the lateral wall to form the meatuses (these are the actual projections, these named respectively but there is an extra superior one called the spheno-ehtmooidal recess)

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12
Q

role of the concha

A

− increase surface area

− form air channels (the meatuses)

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13
Q

what two things open into the meatuses

A

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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14
Q

Foramen caecum (±)

A

Connection between nasal veins and superior sagittal sinus

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15
Q

Cribriform plate

A

Olfactory nerve

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16
Q

Sphenopalatine foramen:

A

– Sphenopalatine artery (of the
maxillary artery)
– Nasopalatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)
– Superior nasal branches of the maxillary nerve

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17
Q

Small foramina in the lateral wall:

A

– Inferior nasal branches from the greater palatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)

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18
Q

Incisive canal: works both ways

A

– Nasopalatine nerve (passes from the nasal cavity to the oral cavity)
– Terminal end of the greater palatine artery (passes from the oral cavity to the nasal cavity)

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19
Q

What are the different types of sinus

A

maxillary
ethmoidal
frontal
sphenoid

20
Q

what are the roles of the paranasal sinuses

A

they lighten the skull
– The nasal mucous membrane extends into the sinuses
• ciliated and mucus secreting respiratory mucosa

21
Q

how are the sinus innervated

A

branches of the trigeminal nerve

22
Q

why can’t children get an infection of the sinus

A

as their sinus are not full formed until later on in life

23
Q

where do the paranasal sinuses drain to

A

they drain into the nasal cavity

24
Q

how does the fontal sinus drain

A

frontonasal duct ethmoidal infundibulum (middle meatus)

25
Q

how does the maxillary sinus drain

A

middle meatus

26
Q

how do the Middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses drain

A

On Bulla ethmoidalis and ethmoidal infundibulum to the middle meatus

27
Q

how does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain

A

superior meatus

28
Q

how does the sphenoid sinus drain

A

spheno-ethmoidal recess to the superior meatus

29
Q

how does the nasolacrimal duct drain

A

inferior meatus

30
Q

relationships of the sinuses

A

– Maxillary sinus and its opening
– Maxillary sinus and roots of the teeth
– Ethmoid sinuses and the orbit
– Roof of the nasal cavity and the anterior cerebral fossa
– Sphenoid sinus and pituitary (hypophysial) fossa and nasal cavity
– The septum and the conchae

31
Q

ARTERIAL SUPPLY of the NASAL CAVITY

A

− Terminal branches of the
maxillary and facial arteries, (branches of the external carotid artery)
− Ethmoidal branches of the
ophthalmic artery (branches of the internal carotid artery)

there is also anastomoses between the internal and external carotid arteries

32
Q

ARTERIAL SUPPLY of the SEPTUM

A
  • Sphenopalatine*artery(ofthe maxillary artery)
  • Anterior*andposteriorethmoidal artery (of ophthalmic artery)
  • Branchesfromthegreater palatine* artery
  • Superiorlabial*artery

the overlap of * is known as the “Little’s or Kiesselbach’s Area”on
the septum
- site of epistaxis (nosebleeds)

33
Q

ARTERIAL SUPPLY of the SINUSES

A

Frontal sinus: Supra-orbital a., anterior ethmoidal a.

Ethmoid sinuses: Anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa., sphenopalatine a.

Sphenoid sinus: Posterior ethmoidal a.

Maxillary sinus: Infraorbital and
superior alveolar branches of
maxillary a., greater palatine a., facial a.

34
Q

VENOUS DRAINAGE

A

Pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa
Facial vein
Superior ophthal-mic vein
cavernous sinus
Emissary vein in the foramen caecum (may allow the spread of infection into the cranial cavity

35
Q

LYMPH DRAINAGE

A

LYMPH DRAINAGE
Anteriorly, the nasal cavity drains to the submandibular nodes
Posteriorly, it drains via the retropharyngeal nodes to the upper deep cervical nodes – Jugulodigastric is palpable if inflamed

36
Q

nasal cavity NERVE SUPPLY (V1 + V2)

A

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity: supplied by the Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve
Drake Fig. 8.241
V1 nasociliary mainly anterior ethmoidal nerve Nasal branches
V2 Nasal branches, mainly the greater palatine nerve

37
Q

nasal septum nerve supply

A

Nasal septum: supplied by the Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve
V1 Anterior ethmoidal Septal branches
V2 mainly nasopalatine nerve

38
Q

NERVE SUPPLY of the PARANASAL SINUSES

A 
Frontal sinus:
- V1 supra-orbital n.
 Ethmoidal cells:
- V1 nasociliary n.
 Sphenoid sinus:
- V1 posterior ethmoidal n.
 Maxillary sinus:
- V2 infra-orbitalmiddle and anterior superior alveolar n. - V2 posterior superior alveolar n.
39
Q

NASOPHARYNX

A

Oval-shaped openings between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx is called the choanae
Nasopharynx extends from the choanae to the level of the soft palate
Serves only as an air passageway between nasal cavity and oropharynx.

40
Q

CHOANAE

A

− horizontal plate of thepalatine bone
− medial plate of the pterygoid process
− vomer

41
Q

On the inferior-lateral wall is the opening of

A

pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube

42
Q

Tubal tonsils

A

around the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube

43
Q

There is lymphoid (tonsillar) tissue on its roof

A

pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid

44
Q

how are the Salpingopharyngeal and Salpingopalatine folds formed

A

Salpingopharyngeus and Salpingopalatine muscles run between torus tubarius and pharynx and palate, respectively

45
Q

The recess behind auditory tube is called

A

Pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller)
− Most common site of craniopharyngioma
A catheter intended for the auditory tube may miss & enter the pharyngeal recess
− If the pharynx is pierced, the catheter could enter the internal carotid artery!
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) develops from this region (Rathke’s pouch)

Y2S1 RESP. (38 decks)

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