Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Air Sinuses Flashcards
what forms the floor of the pterygopalatine fossa?
the pyramidal process of the palatine bone articulates with the lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla to form it
what forms the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa?
body of sphenoid
what forms the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
perpendicualr plate of palatine bone, part of the lateral wall of the nose
what does the spenopalatine foramen communicate with?
the nasal cavity
where does the greater palatine canal open?
as a foramen on the hard palate
what forms the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
posterior wall of the maxilla
what forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
sphenoid bone
what are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa?
maxillary vessels and nerve and the pterygopalatine ganglion and fat
where does the ganglion send branches to?
the nose, palate and nasopharynx
what innervates the posterior upper teeth and passes forwards into the orbit
maxillary nerve (CN V2)
what foramen does the maxillary nerve pass through?
foramen rotundum in the greater wing of sphenoid and into the pterygopalatine fossa
what does the maxillary nerve become when it enters the infraorbital groove and canal in the floor of the orbit?
infraorbital nerve
what does the infraorbital nerve supply when it exits the end of the canal at the infraorbital foramen?
skin of the face
what nerve arises from the maxillary and runs above the maxillary in the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit?
zygomatic nerve
what is the pterygopalatine ganglion?
it is a relay station between the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons and the lacrimal gland and mucous and serous glands of the palate, nose and paranasal sinuses
what is the pterygopalatine ganglion also known as?
the hay fever ganglion because it causes runny nose and eyes
where are the posterior and superior nasal nerves distributes to?
the nasal septum
what nerve passes through the incisive canal to supply the anterior part of the hard palate?
nasopalatine nerve
what nerve supplies the posterosuperior part of the lateral wall of the nose?
lateral posterior superior nasal nerves
what does the greater palatine nerve supply?
the muscous membrane of the hard palate, posteroinferior part of the lateral wall of the nose and the medial wall of the maxillary sinus
what nerves in the pterygopalatine fossa are the only ones that carry the only non-secretomotor fibres transmitted in the greater petrosal nerve?
lesser palatine nerves
what does the pharyngeal nerve supply?
the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx
where does the maxillary artery pass through in the ptergopalatine fossa?
pterygomaxillary fissure
how many branches does the maxillary artery have?
5 - deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal and inferior alveolar artery)
what do the maxillary nerves drain into?
the pterygoid plexus
what is the main function of the nose?
to warm and moisten the inspired air and clean it
what kind of receptors are found in the nose?
olfactory receptors
what forms the floor of the nose
hard palate
what is the lower flared part of the side of the nose called?
the ala
what does the supporting framework of the nose consist of?
bone and cartilage
where is the skin of the nose thinnest?
at its upper part where it is loosely attached to the nasal bones and upper lateral cartilages
where is the skin thickest?
lower part where there is an abundance of sebaceous glands
what innervates the skin of the nose?
external nasal nerve. infratrochlear branch of nasociliary and nasal branches of infraorbital also contribute
what is the blood supply of the skin of the nose?
dorsal nasal artery and lateral nasal and septal branches of the facial artery and its superior labial branch
where does the nasal cavity extend from?
from the nares, through the external nose, between the bones of the face and back to the nasal aperture or choanae where the nasal cavity communicates with the nasopharynx
what forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
mainly maxilla
what foramen allows for neurovascular communication between the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa?
sphenopalatine foramen
what forms the anterosuperior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
nasal bone and frontal process of maxilla
what forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
nasal septum made of bone or cartilage
what forms the floor of the nose?
upper surface of the hard palate, which forms the roof of the mouth
what traverses the incisive canal?
nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery
where is nasal intubation for anaesthetic more eaily performed?
along the inferior meatus because the nasal cavity is wider at the bottom and narrower at the top
what pass through the cribriform plate?
the axons of olfactory nerves
what type of epithelium is found in the olfactory mucous membrane?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells interspersed with goblet cells
where does the sphenoethmoidal recess lie?
aboves and behind the superior concha
what drain into the superior meatus?
posterior ethmoidal air cells
where is the ethmoidal bulla located?
beneath the middle concha. it is produces by the bulging of middle ethmoidal air cells which open on or above the bulla
where i the hiatus semilunaris?
anterior to the ethmoidal bulla
what does the hiatus semilunaris lead into?
ethmoidal infundibulum
where does the infundibulum extend to?
upwards and forwards and is frequently continuous with the frontonasal recess
what does the frontal sinus open into?
the frontonasal recess
where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open into?
the infundibulum of the frontal recess
what is the main arterial supply the to the nasal cavity?
sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery, which enters the nose through the sphnopalatine foramen
what arteries supply the roof and upper parts of the lateral wall and septum of the nasal cavity?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery
what do the veins that accompany the arteries of the nasal cavity drain into?
pterygoid plexus, facial vein and ophthalmic veins
what is the lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity to?
submandibular, retropharyngeal and deep cervical nodes
what is the nerve supply of the roof, upper parts of the lateral walls and septum of the nasal cavity?
olfactory nerves
what is the innervation of the vestibular areas of the nasal cavity?
infraorbital nerve from the face
what is the innervation of the respiratory area of the anterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
supplied by the anterior ethmoidal nerve (from the orbit) in the upper part, and in the lower part by the filaments from the anterior superior alveolar nerve (through the wall of the maxillary sinus)
what is the innervation of the respiratory area of the posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
upper part by the lateral posterior superior nasal branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion and lower back part by the posterior inferior nasal branched of the greater palatine nerve
what is the innervation of the septum of the nose?
upper part: olfactory nerves
anterior part: anterior ethmoidal and medial posterior superior nasal, including the nasopalatine at the back
what forms the paranasal air snuses?
hollowed out parts of certain bones that form the boundaries of the nasal cavities
what are the sinuses lined by?
all of them are lined by mucous membrane, incorporating a sensory nerve supply
describe the muscous membrane lining the sinuses
it id thinned, less vacular and less adherent to adjacent periosteum than in the nasal cavity
how many sinuses are there?
4 bilateral sinuses
which sinuses are located beside the lateral walls of te=he nose?
maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses
where are the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses located?
above and behind the nose
what forms the roof and floor of the maxillary sinus?
roof: floor of the orbit
floor: alveolar part of the maxilla
what lies behind the posterior wall of the mxillary sinus?
infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
what lies in fron of the maxillary sinus?
the cheek
what causes a fistula due to the rupture of a mucous membrane?
tooth extraction in the area
where does the posterior part of the infundibulum open?
in the middle meatus of the lateral wall of the nose
what is a fontanelle?
the wall of the sinus adjacent to the ostia that may only consist of mucosa and periosteum
what is the blood supply of the maxillary sinus?
small arteries that pierce the bone from the facial, maxillary, infraorbital and greater palatine arteries
where do the veins that follow the arteries of the maxillary sinus drain to?
facial vein and pterygoid plexus
where does the lymph of the maxillary sinus drain to?
the submandibular nodes
what is the nerve supply of the maxillary sinus?
infraorbital and superior alveolar branches of maxillary
where do the ethmoidal sinuses lie?
between the orbit and the nose, in the ethmoidal labyrinth
where do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves pass?
between the roof of frontal bone and the ethmoid itself
where does the ostia of the ethmoidal sinuses open
into the infundibulum in the middle meatus or sometimes into the frontonasal duct that drains the frontal sinus
what drains the frontal sinus?
the frontonasal duct
where do the middle ethmoidal air cells drain int?
middle meatus
what forms the ethmoidal bulla?
the projection of one or more ethmoidal air cells as a convexity into the lateral wall of the nose under cover of the middle concha
where does the lymph from the ethmoidal sinus drain to?
submandibular and retropharyngeal nodes
what is the nerve supply of the ethmoidal sinuses?
supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, lateral posterior superior nasal nerves and orbital twigs from the pterygopalatine ganglion
what is a typical sphenoidal sinus related to?
it is related above to the pituitary fossa and middle cranial fossa, and laterally to the cavernous sinus and ICA. behind lie the posterior crania, fossa and pons and below is the roof of the nasopharynx
where is the ostium of the spheinoidal sinus located?
in the anterior wall of the sinus about 1cm above the choana, and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess behind the superior choana
what is the blood supply of the spheinoidal sinus?
posterior ethmoidal artery
what is the nerve supply of the spheinoidal sinus?
posterior ethmoidal nerve
where does the lymph from the spheinoidal sinus drain to?
retropharyngeal nodes
which sinuses are the only ones not present at birth?
the frontal sinuses
when do the frontal sinuses appear?
the 2nd year
where to the frontal sinuses extend to?
above the medial end of the eyebrow into the squamous part of the frontal bone and backwards into the orbital part and so into the medial part of the roof of the orbit
what are the important relations of the frontal sinuses?
anterior cranial fossa and the orbit
where does the frontal sinus drain to?
it drains through an ostium at its lower medial corner into the frontonasal duct, which opens into the middle meatus at the front of the infundibulum or through anterior ethmoidal air cells
what is the blood supply of the frontal sinuses?
supraorbital and anterior ethmoidal arteries
what is the venous drainage of the frontal sinus?
superior ophthalmic veins
where does the lymph of the frontal sinuses drain to?
submandibular nodes
what is the nerve supply of the frontal sinuses?
supraorbital nerves
if someone gets a blow to the nose, what do you need to check and why?
the septum of the nose because you can end up with a septal haematoma which destroys the septum
