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Head and Neck Anatomy > Head and Neck Embryology > Flashcards

Head and Neck Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what develop in the side walls of the primitive pharynx to form the pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesodermal condensations

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2
Q

Where do the pharyngeal arches fuse?

A

In midline

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3
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there and what do they support?

A

6 and they support the pharynx

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4
Q

which arch is rudementary?

A

the 5th so only 4 arches are visible

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5
Q

what are the outpouchings that develop from the lining of the pharynx in between the arches and opposite clefts called?

A

the pharyngeal (or branchial pouches)

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6
Q

which pouches share a common opening into the lumen of the pharynx?

A

the 4th and 5th

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7
Q

where do muscles in each arch differentiate from?

A

the mesoderm

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8
Q

what is alloctaed to supply each arch and its derivatives

A

an artery and cranial nerve - the nerve supply remains constant and knowledge of the innervation of a muscle allows you to figure out what pharyngeal arch it originated from

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9
Q

What is the 1st pharyngeal arch called?

A

the mandibular arch

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10
Q

How is Meckel’s cartilage produced?

A

chondrification in the mesoderm of the mandibular arch

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11
Q

what does the dorsal end of Meckel’s cartilage produce?

A

the incus and malleus and the anterior ligament of malleus

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12
Q

what is a remnant of the fibrous perichondrium of Meckel’s cartilage?

A

the sphenomandibular ligament

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13
Q

what happens to Meckel’s cartilage?

A

the mandible starts ossifying in the membrane lateral to the cartilage and the rest of the artilage becomes incorporated in the developing mandible, then some time after birth the cartilage disappears

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14
Q

what are the ectodermal and endodermal derivatives of the mandibular arch?

A

the mucous membrane and glands (but not the muscle) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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15
Q

what muscles develop from the 1st (mandibular) arch?

A

muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis and medial and lateral pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior digastric and the 2 tensor muscles (tensor palati and tensor tympani)

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16
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the 1st arch?

A

the mandibular nerve (3rd branch of trigeminal) - this is the nerve of this arch

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17
Q

what artery does part of the artery of the 1st arch persist as?

A

maxillary artery

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18
Q

what is the name of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

the hyoid arch

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19
Q

what is the nerve of the hyoid arch?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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20
Q

what muscles are derived from the hyoid arch?

A

muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids), buccinator, stapedius, posterior digastric and stylohyoid

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21
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of the hyoid arch?

A

stapes, styloid process, lesser horn and superior part of hyoid and stylohyoid ligaments (5 S’s)

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22
Q

what nerve gives motor innervation to all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for palatoglossus?

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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23
Q

what is the innervation of palatoglossus?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

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24
Q

what nerve allows taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

chorda tympani nerve, a branch of facial (CN VII)

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25
Q

what nerve provides special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V3)

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26
Q

what nerve provides taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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27
Q

what nerve provides general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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28
Q

what nerve provides taste and general sensation to the epiglottis and the epiglottic region of the tongue?

A

internal laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

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29
Q

what would damage to the vagus nerve cause?

A

contralateral deviation of the uvula

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30
Q

what are the muscular derivatives of the hyoid (2nd) arch?

A

muscles of facial expression (orbital group - orbicularis oculi palpebral and orbital part and corrugator supercilli, nasal group - nasalis, procerus, depressor septi nasi, orbital group - orbicularis oculi, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, risorius, zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and levator anguli oris, buccinator and platysma), stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior digastric

31
Q

What is the nerve of the hyoid (2nd) arch?

A

facial nerve (CN VII), meaning it supplies all of the muscles derived from this arch

32
Q

what is the nerve of the 3rd arch?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

33
Q

what muscles are derived from the 3rd arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

34
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A

greater horn and lower part of body of hyoid bone

35
Q

what are the muscular derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A

stylopharyngeus - supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve (nerve of the 3rd arch)

36
Q

what is the nerve of the 4th arch?

A

superior laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

37
Q

what muscles are derived from the 4th arch?

A

pharyngeal muscles and cricothyroid - innervated by superior laryngeal branch of vagus (CNX) (nerve of 4th arch)

38
Q

what is the cartilage of the 4th arch?

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

39
Q

what is the nerve of the 6th arch?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

40
Q

what muscles are derived from the 6th arch?

A

intrinsic muscles of larynx and striated muscle of oesophagus - innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

41
Q

what is the cartilage of the 6th arch?

A

arytenoid cartilage

42
Q

what are the skeletal derivatives of the 4th and 6th arches?

A

thyoid, cricoi, epiglottic and arytenoid cartilages

43
Q

what are the muscular derivatives of the 4th and 6th arches?

A

intrinsic muscles of the larynx, muscles of pharynx and levator palati - all supplied by laryngeal and pharyngeal branches of the vagus, the nerve of these arches

44
Q

which pouch is the only pouch that does not grow laterally into a dorsal and a ventral diverticulum

A

the first pouch

45
Q

what happens to the endoderm of the 1st pouch?

A

the endoderm is prolonged laterally, via the auditory tube and forms the middle ear and mastoid antrum

46
Q

what does the 1st pharyngeal cleft become?

A

it becomes deepened to form the external acoustic meatus

47
Q

what does the dorsal part of the 2nd pouch assist the 1st pouch in forming?

A

tympanic cavity

48
Q

what does the ventral part of the 2nd pouch develop?

A

it develops the tonsillar crypts and supratonsillar fossa from its endoderm

49
Q

what is the nerve supply of thetonsillar crypts and supratonsillar fossa?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

50
Q

what forms the thymus gland?

A

the thymic rudiment from the 3rd pouch

51
Q

what is derived from the endoermal lining of the 4th pouch

A

superior parathyroid glands

52
Q

what is the only pharyngeal cleft/arch to persist?

A

the 1st pharyngeal cleft

53
Q

what happens to the rest of the clefts?

A

the 2nd arch thickens and grows over the 3rd, 4th and 6th arches

54
Q

what is the deep pit that is formed as the 2nd arch grows over the 3rd, 4th and 6th?

A

the cervical sinus

55
Q

what arch makes no contribution ot the development of the tongue?

A

the 2nd arch

56
Q

what gives rise to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

copula

57
Q

what mucosa allow for the gag reflex?

A

a small amount of mucosa at the back of the tongue supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve

58
Q

where are the tongue, thyroid gland and larynx derived from?

A

the floor of the mouth

59
Q

where does the thyroglossal duct originate?

A

endoderm of the floor of the pharynx at the foramen caecum

60
Q

what causes a lingual thyroid?

A

failure of descent of the thyrocglossal duct

61
Q

failure of proper separation of the trachea and oesophagus causes what?

A

trachea-oesophageal fistula

62
Q

what arch artery forms part of ICA?

A

2nd arch artery

63
Q

what arch artery forms part of common carotid artery?

A

3rd arch artery

64
Q

what arch artery forms part of right subclavian artery and the adult aortic arch?

A

4th arch artery

65
Q

what does the 6th arch artery form part of?

A

pulmonary trunk and the true ascending aorta

66
Q

what happens to the 5th and 6th hand arteries on the right side?

A

they disappear

67
Q

what does the 6th arch artery on the left become?

A

ductus arteriosus

68
Q

what arteries do th 1st and 2nd arch arteries form?

A

maxillary and stapedial arteries (stapedial arteries do not persist after birth)

69
Q

what are the 1st and 2nd arch arteries a branch of?

A

the ECA

70
Q

what does the 3rd arch artery become?

A

remains as common carotid and part if ICAs

71
Q

what does the 4th arch artery become?

A

contributes to subclavian arery

72
Q

what happens to the 5th arch artery?

A

it disappears entirely

73
Q

what happens to the dorsal part of the 6th arch arteries?

A

disappears on the right but persists on the left as ductus arteriosus (explains why recurrent laryngeal hooks around ligamentum arteriosum on the left but migrates up and loops around subclavian artery on the right)

Head and Neck Anatomy (4 decks)

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