Nano And Biomaterial Flashcards
is a material that is intended to interface with the biological system to treat,
evaluate, treat, enhance and replace any organ, tissue or function of the body. They
Biomaterials
Metals that are used as a biomaterial should exhibit the following properties:
Metals should have a high resistance to corrosion • Metals should be compatible to the body tissue • Metals should have high resistance to wear.
Metals can also be used for
reconstruction of the bone damage such as artificial hip, shoulder, knee and elbow joints.
fracture fixation such as plates, screws, pins, nails and rod.
Most metallic material that are used as a biomaterial have a
stable surface oxide layer improves their resistance to corrosion
Mettalic Biomaterials
Titanium and its alloys
Stainless Steel
Cobalt–chromium alloys
Nitinol
Tantalum
Magnesium and its Alloys
most used polymer for total joint prostheses is the
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.
so this material cannot be used or not advisable to use if the implant is requiring to carry large loads.
Polymer
Common Polymeric Materials
Polyethylene
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polylactic Acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA)
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Polyanhydrides
Polyurethanes
Hydrogels
Nanopolymers
Silicones
bone implants to biomedical pumps.
Ceramic
are used in structural functions as tissue and joints replacement and also used as a coating to improve the biocompatibility of the metal implants. These
Ceramics
The main advantage of the ceramics are their mechanical
their mechanical integrity and their chemical and
physical compatibility in the presence of host or biological environments.
of Commonly Used Bioceramics
Alumina (Al2O3)
Bioactive glass
Nanoceramics
Calcium sulfate
Carbon
Calcium phosphates (CaP)
Advantageous characteristics of natural material
facilitating cell attachment,
enhance the mechanical properties of synthetic materials and ability to bind and deliver macromolecules
List of Commonly Used Natural Biomaterials
Collagen
Elastin
Silk
Chitosan
Celluloae
Alginate
Chondroitin sulfate
Coral
Hyaluronn
Used to anchor artificial joints such as hip joints, shoulder, knee and elbow joints.
Bone Cement
It is the polymer result of condensation of lactic acid and
glycolyic aci
Artificial Tissue
It is a corrective lens placed on the cornea of the eye.
CONTACT LENS
It is a device which uses electrical impulses contacting the heart muscles. It
PACEMAKER
It is a mechanical device used in order to bridge the time for heart transplantation or to
replace permanently the heart if transplantation is impossible. The
Artificial Hearts
Artificial kidney is a device works like a normal kidney.
Kidney Implants
This material replaces the joint/ ligaments and allowing the movement of the knee and mobility of the leg.
Knee Implants
It is made of corrosion resistant high-strength metal alloys or very high molecular weight
polymers.
Hip-Replacements
should be good structure retention, flexible, high fatigue resistance,
adequate burst strength , good handling properties and biostable. It
Vascular Grafts
are the common materials used as a replacement for the root portion of the
missing natural tooth
Titanium
It is placed in the bone of the lower and upper jaw.
Dental Implants
It is made from carbons, elastomers, metals, fabrics and natural valves. It is attached by
polyester mesh.
Heart Valve
It is made of PMM, silicone elastomer and other materials. After lens is inserted, good
vision is restored immediately.
Intraocular Lenses
defined as a material where the sized of the individual blocks are less than
100nm.
Nanomaterial
Nanomaterials may be zero-dimensional
nanoparticles),
one-dimensional
nanorods or nanotubes
two-dimensional
(usually realized as thin films or stacks of thin films).
Types of NanoMaterials
. Carbon Based Materials
2. Metal Based Materials
3. Dendrimers
4. Composites
are composed mostly of carbon. It is in the form of hollow
spheres, tubes or ellipsoids.
Carbon based nanomaterials
refers to spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterial while nanotubes refer to the cylindrical ones.
Fullerenes
a closely packed semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of atoms, and whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers.
Quantum dot
are nanosized polymers built from branched units. It has a numerous chain
ends, and can be tailored to perform specific chemical functions.
Dendrimers
This materials can be useful for drug delivery.
Dendrimers
is a combination of nanoparticles with the other nanoparticles or a
combination of nanoparticle with lager materials.
Composites
is a typical example of ‘top down’ method of synthesis of
nanomaterials, where the material is prepared not by cluster assembly but by the structural decomposition of coarser-grained structures as the result of severe plastic deformation.
Mechanical grinding
Mechanical milling is typically achieved using
high energy shaker, planetary ball, or
tumbler mills.
The simplest fashion to produce nanoparticles is by
Furnace
by heating the desired material in a heat
resistant crucible containing the desired material. T
In principle we can classify the wet chemical synthesis of nanomaterials into two broad
groups
top down method
bottom up method:
where single crystals are etched in an aqueous solution for producing nanomaterials,
The top down method:
consisting of sol-gel method, precipitation etc. where materials containing the desired precursors are mixed in a controlled fashion to form a colloidal solution.
Bottom up
