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MET > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

is the separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an
imposed stress that is static (i.e., constant or slowly changing with time) and at temperatures that
are low relative to the melting temperature of the material.

A

Simple fracture

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2
Q

is a respected and established technique which is used to ascertain both the physical and mechanical properties of raw materials and components.

A

Materials testing

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3
Q

Reasons of Conducting Material Testing

A

Ensure quality
* Test properties
* Prevent failure in use
* Make informed choices in using materials

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4
Q

also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science test in
which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.

A

Tensile testing

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5
Q

are used to
determine the mechanical behavior of materials under static, axial tensile, or stretch loading.

A

Tensile tests

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6
Q

is a strain measurement device used to measure the extension of a material under load.

A

extensometer

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7
Q

The most common testing machine used in tensile testing

A

universal testing machine.

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8
Q

is used to calculate the engineering
strain,

A

elongation measurement

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9
Q

is the opposite of tensile testing.

A

Compression testing

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10
Q

the compressive
strength is relatively easy to obtain, showing marked failure.

A

For brittle materials,

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11
Q

compressive strength is generally based on an arbitrary deformation value.

A

ductile materials,

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12
Q

There are four parts of a compression testing

A

Main machine part:
Hydraulic part:
Controller part:
Computer series(optional):

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13
Q

is used to determine the rate at which a material expands as a
function of temperature.

A

Linear Thermal Expansion

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

is the separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an
imposed stress that is static (i.e., constant or slowly changing with time) and at temperatures that are low relative to the melting temperature of the material.

A

Simple fracture

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16
Q

Fracture can also occur from

A

Fatigue and creep

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17
Q

Types of Fracture Mode in Metal

A

Ductile Fracture
Brittle Fracture

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18
Q

characterized by extensive plastic deformation in the vicinity of an
advancing crack.

A

Ductile Fracture

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19
Q

cracks may spread extremely rapidly, with very little accompanying
plastic deformation. Such

A

Brittle Fracture

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20
Q

crack propagation corresponds to the successive and
repeated breaking of atomic bonds along specific crystallographic planes

A

cleavage.

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21
Q

is a property that is a measure of a material’s resistance to brittle
fracture when a crack is present.

A

Fracture toughness

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22
Q

purpose of impact testing

A

is to measure an object’s ability to resist high-rate loading.

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23
Q

can be one of the most difficult properties to quantify.

A

Impact resistance

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24
Q

factor of its ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation.

A

material’s toughness

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25
Q

have low
toughness as a result of the small amount of plastic deformation that they can endure.

A

Brittle materials

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26
Q

at lower temperatures, the
impact energy of a material is

A

decreased

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27
Q

notch configurations

A

V-Notch, U-Notch, Key-Hole
Notch, as well as Un-notched and ISO (DIN) V-Notch,

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28
Q

is an ASTM standard method of determining the impact resistance
of materials.

A

Izod Impact Test

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29
Q

Izod Impact Test position?

A

vertical position

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30
Q

Izod Impact Test Specimens of metals

A

square,

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31
Q

Izod Impact Test Specimens of polymers

A

rectangular

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32
Q

The Izod impact test, like the Charpy impact test, is also used to test materials at ______ to try to simulate conditions that may occur in the actual use of the material.

A

low
temperature

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33
Q

may be obtained by testing a number of
identical specimens at different temperatures, and then plotting the impact energy as a function
of temperature, the ductile-brittle transition becomes apparent as the resulting curve shows a
rapid decline in impact strength as the temperature increases.

A

Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature

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34
Q

The Charpy Impact Test was invented in 1900 by?

A

Georges Augustin Albert Charpy (1865-
1945)

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35
Q

measures the energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen
while breaking under an impact load

A

Charpy impact test

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36
Q

Charpy Impact Test

energy absorbed by the specimen is determined

A

measuring the decrease
in motion of the pendulum arm.

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37
Q

is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and fluctuating
stresses (e.g., bridges, aircraft, machine components).

A

Fatigue

38
Q

this type of failure normally occurs after a lengthy period
of repeated stress or strain cycling.

A

fatigue

39
Q

susceptible to this type of failure.

A

polymers
and ceramics

40
Q

alternating from a maximum tensile stress (σmax) to a minimum compressive stress
(σmin) of equal magnitude.

A

Reversed Stress Cycle

41
Q

the maxima and minima are asymmetrical relative to the zero-stress level.

A

Repeated Stress Cycle

42
Q

the stress level may vary randomly in amplitude and frequency.

A

Fluctuating Stress Cycle

43
Q

_______ id defined as the average of the maximum and minimum stresses in the
cycle

A

Mean Stress

44
Q

______is the difference between maximum and minimum stress or can be
calculated using this formula

A

Range of Stress

45
Q

is one-half of this range of stress.

A

Stress amplitude

46
Q

_____ is the ratio of minimum and maximum stress

A

Stress Ratio (R)

47
Q

is sometimes called the endurance limit.

A

Fatigue limit

48
Q

represents the
largest value of fluctuating stress that will not cause failure for essentially an infinite number of
cycles.

A

fatigue limit

49
Q

For many steels, fatigue limits range

A

between 35% and 60% of the tensile strength

50
Q

is defined as the stress level at which failure will occur for some specified
number of cycles

A

Fatigue Strength

51
Q

is the number of cycles to cause failure at a specified stress level

A

Fatigue life

52
Q

helps determine a material’s ability to withstand cyclic fatigue loading
conditions.

A

Fatigue Testing

53
Q

Cyclic fatigue tests produce repeated

A

loading and unloading in
tension, compression, bending, torsion or combinations of these stresses.

54
Q

Fatigue tests are
commonly loaded in

A

tension, compression

55
Q

Types of fatigue tests

A

Load Controlled High Cycle and low cycle fatigue testing (LCF),

56
Q

the test is run in strain control with the load as a
dependent variable.

A

low cycle fatigue testing

57
Q

are often conducted on smooth bar specimens in load,
force or stress control.

A

High-cycle fatigue (HCF)

58
Q

can be particularly useful in industries that rely on materials in temperature-varying
and cyclic conditions including aerospace, architecture, automotive, oil and gas, and power
generation industries.

A

Low
cycle fatigue

59
Q

three stages to low cycle fatigue testing.

A

The first stage is designed to detect crack initiation on a polished specimen.
* The second stage is propagation life, which occurs after initiation.
* The third stage is failure, which is usually determined by some percentage of load drop
from a stable condition.

60
Q

The purpose of
destructive testing

A

is to determine service life and to detect design weaknesses that may not show
up under normal working conditions.

61
Q

is most suitable, and economic, for objects which
will be mass-produced, as the cost of destroying a small number of
specimens is negligible

A

Destructive testing

62
Q

Commonly used methods of destructive testing of material

A
  1. Tensile Test
  2. Hardness Tests
  3. Impact Tests
  4. Creep
  5. Fatigue
  6. Other Mechanical Tests
63
Q

measures a material’s strength by determining resistance to penetration.

A

Hardness testing

64
Q

constitute the most common method used to measure hardness
because they are so simple to perform and require no special skills.

A

Rockwell tests

65
Q

Indenters in Rockwell tests

A

spherical and hardened steel balls having diameters of 1/16, 1/8, 1/4,
and 1/2 in. as well as a conical diamond (Brale) indenter, which is used for the hardest materials.

66
Q

Two types of Rockwell Hardness Tests

A

Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell

67
Q

minor load is 10 kg

A

Rockwell test,

68
Q
A
69
Q

Major loads in Rockwell test

A

major loads are 60, 100, and 150
kg.

70
Q

What is the minor load of suoerficial test?

A

3 kg is the minor load

71
Q

The two most common indenter

A

Rockwell B (ball) used for soft materials and Rockwell C (cone) uses diamond cone for hard materials.

72
Q

What indenter is use in Brinell test?

A

Spherical Indenter

73
Q

diameter of the hardened steel (or tungsten carbide of Brinell Test?

A

10mm or (0.394 in.

74
Q

What indenter is used in the Vickers Hardness Test?

A

diamond
indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf.

75
Q

advantages of the Vickers

A

are that extremely accurate readings can be taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments.

76
Q

Disadvantages of Vicker Hardness Test

A

Much expensive than Brinell and Rockwell Machine

77
Q

Diamond Pyramid is used?

A

Knoop and Vickers tests

78
Q

Diamond Pyramid

A

Knoop and Vickers tests

79
Q

Applied Loads are much smaller

A

Microindentation Hardness Tests

80
Q

designated by HK and HV

A

Knoop and Vickers hardness numbers

81
Q

referred to as micro indentation-testing methods

A

The Knoop and Vickers technique

82
Q

ratio of the load applied to the indenter

A

Knoop hardness number HK

83
Q

the applied load (kgf) divided by the
surface area of the indentation (mm2

A

Vickers Diamond pyramid Hardness

84
Q

The standard Charpy Impact Test specimen consist of a bar of metal, or other material

A

55x10x10mm

85
Q

CHARPY TEST

2mm deep, with 45° angle and 0.25mm radius along the base

A

V-notch:

86
Q

CHARPY TEST

5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at base of notch

A

U-notch and keyhole notch

87
Q

the maxima and minima are asymmetrical relative to the zero-stress level.

A

Repeated Stress Cycle

88
Q

one-half of this range of stress.

A

Stress amplitude

89
Q

sometimes called the endurance limit

A

Fatigue Limit

90
Q

The goal of the test is to determine the number of cycles to fracture for each specimen.

A

Load Controlled High Cycle

91
Q

characterized by high amplitude, low-frequency plastic strains

A

LCF

MET (11 decks)

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