Names for Midterm 2 Flashcards
Max Weber - conflict theorist
We choose to obey political structures because we think it is right
Three types of domination (rational(legal), traditional, charismatic)
Legitimate Violence - violence carried out by state (police, military)
Tripartite - class, status, party explains inequality
Seymour Lipset
Explained differences in political culture using english speaking countries as an example
(english speaking - saymore LipSet
George Homans
Social Exchange Theory - social order is produced by self-interested individuals. (I sacrifice liberty to gain security)
Jurgen Habermas
Discourse Ethics - ideal form of communication to establish right and wrong morals.
Public Sphere - people have power that they can express through public debate and discourse
Aristotle
Different types of government -the one, few and many
Good: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Constitutional Government.
Bad: Tyranny, Oligarchy, Democracy
Antonio Gramsci
Hegemony - intellectual and ideological control of society by the dominant class through control of intellectuals
Schmitt
Friend/Enemy Distinction - groups must identify enemies that could potentially destroy them
Georges Sorel
Myth - the creation of an existential threat to create a movement
Talal Asad
Modern states are rational while others are religious; irrational; backwards
Talcott Parsons
State has the function of Goal Attainment in AGIL
Political systems help promote citizen engagement in social tasks
Niklas Luhmann
State is cybernetic
Systems Theory: society as a series of interlocking systems
Barrington Moore
The relationship between industrialization and the future government of a nation
Class of dominant group affected how societies turned out
(Russia had a large peasant class leading to communism; Germany had a strong military class during industrialization)
Georg Lukacs
Russian workers suffered from false consciousness - they stuck with the ideology of their oppressors
John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu
Separation of powers to avoid exploitation
Robert Dahl
How decisions were made in New Haven - many different groups influenced any one decision. There were many ways to make opinions known
C Wright Mills
Pyramid shaped power structure: small group with most power, medium group with some influence, and the masses are disorganized
G William Domhoff
Three overlapping groups at the center of the location of power: Social upper class (Logan Paul), corporate community (executives), and the policy planning network (hired experts)
John Porter
Vertical Mosaic - hierarchy of groups in Canada
Durkheim
Society requires us to be similar so that society remains stable
Anomie can lead to suicide. Without society’s limit on us, we feel sad as our limitless desires go unfulfilled. We feel lost and adrift when not guided by society.
Erving Goffman
People try to hide their stigma - covering, passing, selective association. These stigmas are socially constructed
Dramaturgical Method; staging (preparing)
Edwin Lemert
All of us engage in acts of minor deviance without being labeled as deviant- primary deviance
Travis Hirschi
Crime rises because delinquents don’t feel a bond with society
Robert Merton
Those who feel anomie due to not having means to achieve goals are forced to turn to crime. (Strain Theory)
School: Manifest: prepare us for jobs Latent: teach us social values
CT Fisher
Victimology; Victims tend to become criminals
Donald Clemmer
The humiliating nature of prison is at fault for personalization (prison Meg)
Edwin Schur
There are many victimless crimes that are criminal
Stanley Cohen
Criminalization comes from moral panic - the belief that a particular group is a threat to social order. (young people on tiktok - ban tiktok)
Howard Becker
Labeling theory - people who are labeled as deviant tend to do more deviant activity. Things can be labeled as deviant not because the act is wrong, but the group is frowned upon.
Michel Foucalt
Great confinement - movement to confine or lock up ‘mad’ people. We need to cure these people and return them to reason
Compares modern education to prison systems - panopticon (proctored exams that track eye movement)
James Coleman
Rules governing relations between teenagers. Students were expected to play roles (nerds, jocks). There was a clear status rank (jock>nerd) High schools are bad at preparing students for life - it teaches the value of immediate signs of success and look down upon the hard work to succeed
Inequality in opportunities for different races (black) and poor areas
Erik Erikson
2 of 8 stages in school: Competence (5-12) learn to complete tasks; shame and inferiority. Fidelity (12-19) Who am I and what can I be (Identity Crisis)
Frank Parkin
Closure - elite groups limit access to opportunities for other people in other groups
Credentials are not necessary for most jobs. Credentials exist because groups want to limit the number of people who can enter so they can protect their position
John R Seely
Examined the expectations inculcated in children of wealthier families. Families wanted children to be perfect and successful. This can put a lot of pressure on the kids.
Bourdieau and Coleman
Capital: Economic, cultural, social
Richard Arun & Josipa Roksa
45% of students make no improvement in critical thinking over a 4 year degree. Liberal arts saw the most gains. Business students declined in critical thinking.
Paolo Friere
Criticizes the banking model of education for treating students as passive.
Christopher Jenks & David Riesman
Research Universities arose after WW2 in the academic revolution. (countries wanted to get ahead in research.)
Lazarsfeld, Berelson & Gaudet
In the 1940 US election, people were less influenced by the media, and more influenced by face to face interactions with opinion leaders they knew (two-step flow model)
David Manning White
Examined gatekeeping decisions by a newspaper editor. Found that these decisions were highly subjective.
Bernard Cohen
The media can’t tell us what to think, but it can tell us what to think about
Max McCombs & Donald Shaw
Agenda Setting - most voters did not actively investigate news, but topics covered more in media became important
Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann
Spiral of silence theory - people become afraid to express unpopular opinions
Kent Commission
Criticized near-monopolies in Canadian media
Herbert Gans
Found prevalence of sensationalist negative news stories. If it bleeds it leads.
Marshall Mcluhan
The media is more effective if it plays on emotions and bypasses critical thought.
Franz Neumann
Nazi’s gained support by creating fear through propaganda (moral panic.)
George Gerbner & Larry Gross
People exposed to violence on tv are afraid about violence in the world. Consequently, they support hardline political solutions. Gerbner & Gross have been criticized for assuming viewers are entirely passive in watching media.
Robert Merton & Paul Lazarsfeld
Media can be dysfunctional; it narcotizes us by overstimulating us.
Compassion Fatigue; Narcotizing Dysfunction
Jean Baudrillard
Commodity Fetishism - We fetishise modern commodities, we treat them as if they have magical powers (old spice will make the ladies love you.)
Hyperreality - It is impossible for us to distinguish between reality and manufactured hyperreality.
Walter Lippmann
The masses are too uninformed/irrational to make decisions. Elites and specialists manipulate and shape public opinion
Robert Park
Newspapers helped immigrants adjust to the values of new country.
Weber (religion)
Routinization of Charisma
Durkheim
(Religion)
Religions are defined by the fact that they categorize all objects as sacred or profane.
The purest form of sacred/profane distinction is found in totemistic religions. This totem is part of their identity.
-religion integrates us (AGIL)
-Protestants kill themselves more
Robert Beller
Civil Religion - Flames game. Celebrate group solidarity, not necessarily religious.
Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann
Symbolic Universe
Engels
Worked with Marx. Admired Millenarian Thomas Muntzer. (apocalypse)
Talcott Parsons (religion)
Social differentiation - social systems split up into smaller, more specialized sub-systems as society gets larger and more complex.
