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Sociology 100 > Final Exam Notes > Flashcards

Final Exam Notes Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wealth Distribution

A

Total wealth - including pension funds, housing, assets, and cash

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2
Q

Income Distribution

A

Income - wages, investments, etc.

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3
Q

Stratification

A

Any system of ranking people in society
Could include political, gendered, economic, etc.

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4
Q

Strata

A

Ranks society by one principle (wealth for example) then compares them in these groups
Quantitative

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5
Q

Class

A

Describes certain shared economic features or situations in a group.
Qualitative

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6
Q

Group

A

Groups are self defined. They exist because members have a unity of interests

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7
Q

Quantile

A

Statistical units of indentical sized chunks of population

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8
Q

Decile

A

Quantile
One tenth of the population

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9
Q

Quintile

A

Quantile
One fifth of the population

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10
Q

Working Class

A

Blue Collar
Hourly wage
Few Prospects for Promotion

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11
Q

Middle Class

A

White collar
monthly/annual salary
Career with long term prospects

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12
Q

Productive Class

A

Groups defined by position within structure of production (Marx)

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13
Q

Distributive Class

A

Classes defined by share of the rewards of society (Weber)

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14
Q

Caste System

A

Position in hierarchy determined at birth

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15
Q

Estates

A

Classes defined by laws. Life feudal aristocracy

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16
Q

Davis-Moore Hypothesis

A

Society rewards those who do difficult but necessary positions highly. This attracts most talented to do them

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17
Q

Social Mobility

A

Ability to change social class position

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18
Q

Open System

A

It is possible for someone to improve social position

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19
Q

Creese, Guppy & Meisner (1991)

A

Greatest opportunities exist for the rich. Not true that poor are just lazy

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19
Q

Life Chances

A

opportunities to climb social hierarchy

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20
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Universal Standard - ability to get food and shelter

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21
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Poverty compared to other members of society - how far behind are you?

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22
Q

Poverty Trap

A

Mechanism that make it hard for people to escape poverty
*

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23
Q

Food Desert

A

Area without easy access to healthy foods

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24
Q

Richard Sennet & Jonathan Cobb

A

Strong correlation between poverty and stress-related illness, shorter lifespan

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25
Q

Oscar Lewis

A

Culture of Poverty:
term for values, norms & behaviour patters of some urban poor.

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26
Q

Edwin Sutherland

A

undermines idea that poor are inherently criminal by looking at crimes committed by the wealthy

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27
Q

Delinquent

A

Michel Foucault
ill-disciplined individual, petty criminal

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28
Q

Erik Olin Wright

A

leading Marxist
class is defined by ownership of means of production
Class is central - all other forms of inequality stem from class

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29
Q

John Goldthorpe

A

leading Weberian
Class is defined by what resources you own
economic class is one form of many forms of inequality

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30
Q

Materialist conception of history

A

Marx’s basic assumption
In order to have society, there needs to be humans. In order to understand society, we need to understand how that society produces food, shelter, etc.

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31
Q

Means of Production

A

Marx’s term for the tools, technologies, resources, etc. that are available to a society at a particular moment in time in order to meet those material needs

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32
Q

Mode of Production

A

Overall structure of social relations in a society at a specific point.
For example - the development of agriculture made landowners powerful

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33
Q

Ralf Dahrendorf

A

traces significant changes in economic organization that transform classes
Rise in shareholding creates new class of managers and CEO’s

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34
Q

Petty Bourgeoisie

A

self employed, independent, not powerful enough to employ others

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35
Q

Gerhard Lenski

A

Status Inconsistency - rank in one class system may differ in another
Monopolization of physical force

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36
Q

Taylorism or Scientific Management

A

Aims at absolute efficiency in the workplace, especially factories
FREDERICK TAYLOR

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37
Q

Deskilling

A

Introducing technology to make a job easier

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38
Q

Harry Braverman

A

Monopoly capital - increasing homogenization and polarization of work in two groups:
small number of high skilled, high paid
Large mass of unskilled workers

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39
Q

Monopoly Capital

A

Giant corporation dominate economy, forcing you to work for them

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40
Q

Alienation

A

Feeling distant from life, work , other people. Sense of no control
Caused by selling my labor

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41
Q

Melvin Seeman

A

Alienation leads to:
Powerlessness
Meaninglessness
Normlessness
Isolation
Self-Estrangement

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42
Q

Karasek & Theorell

A

workers who had control of tasks had significantly lower rates of stress-related illness

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43
Q

Exploitation

A

Profiting at expense of another

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44
Q

Labor Union

A

Organization of workers for collective bargaining of pay, etc.

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45
Q

Class Conflict

A

Marx - classes inherently clash head
Weber - interclass conflict more likely

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46
Q

Terry Clark & Seymour Lipset

A

people’s vote is based on identity and ascribed status instead of class agenda

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47
Q

Sex

A

Distinguished by biological features
Male/Female

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48
Q

Gender

A

Social & Cultural ideas of masculine or feminine behaviour

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49
Q

Gender Inequality

A

Women suck at:
Job wage
wealth
poverty after divorce
Education
Health
HIV / AIDS
Stress
Domestic work
Victims of violence

50
Q

Vertical Differentiation

A

Related to place in a hierarchy
Men are more likely to be managers

51
Q

Horizontal differentiation

A

Related to differences in careers of comparable prestige & pay
Police = man
HR = woman

52
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

Unofficial barrier to female promotion

53
Q

Rosabeth Kanter

A

Women weren’t promoted because they aren’t assertive enough - not true
women had little autonomy, their opportunities were tied to men they relied on

54
Q

Ann Oakley

A

Many women hated housework, found it demeaning

55
Q

Arlie Hochschild

A

Women are responsible for 70% of domestic labor.
Male jobs were more free and less tightly scheduled (gardening vs cooking)

Women are disproportionately employed in jobs requiring emotional labor (tips)

56
Q

Second Shift

A

women expected to work a job and do domestic labor

57
Q

Emotional Labor

A

Predominantly in jobs where you bave to be positive towards customer

58
Q

Suzanne Bianchi

A

women typically bear the burden of emotional care for family

59
Q

Armstrong & Armstrong

A

Double ghetto - women are exploited both at work and at home

60
Q

Linearity of Kinship

A

whose name does family take?
Matrilineal, patrilineal, bilateral

61
Q

Authority

A

which parent is authoritative?
matriarchy, patriarchy, egalitarian

62
Q

Legal Personality

A

Recognition that I have rights and obligations.
Women used to not have this, it was tied to husband

63
Q

First Wave Feminism

A

19th - early 20th century
de iure - legal exclusion of women

64
Q

Second-Wave Feminism

A

1960’s-1990’s
de facto - women in workplace, family
violence against women

65
Q

Third-Wave Feminism

A

1980-Now
Some gay shi

66
Q

Liberal Feminism

A

inequality based on legal rights and political freedom

67
Q

Marxist Feminism

A

Inequality based on class, male ownership of society

68
Q

Radical Feminism

A

men always and inevitably benefit from exploitation of women

69
Q

Socialist Feminism

A

Criticizes both class and sex

70
Q

Kimberle Crenshaw

A

Intersectionality - getting hate for being black AND woman AND midget AND a bunch of other stuff

71
Q

Sex Role Rigidity

A

Male and female roles are natural and unchangeable

72
Q

Gender Regimes

A

Gender arrangements within smaller systems, not society as a whole
-wife must cook

73
Q

Gender Socialization

A

The way children are taught socially approved gender roles

74
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

gender socialization teaches boys to be autonomous and girls to be dependent

75
Q

Essentialism

A

Belief in unchangeable ‘human nature’

76
Q

Sex
Sexuality
Gender Identity
Gender Expression
Gender Roles

A

XX or XY Chromosome
Who you fuck
internal sense of male or female
External presentation male/female
Social roles associated with gender

77
Q

Judith Butler

A

Questions if biological sex is binary
There is no single idea of masculine/feminine

78
Q

Gender Binarism

A

Male and Female. No others

79
Q

Heteronormativity

A

doesn’t do that he/she shit. Pick one lane and stay in it

80
Q

Performativity

A

genders are just roles that we play

81
Q

Appearance Norms

A

Ideal standards of beauty

82
Q

Spitzer et al.

A

ideal women have become thinner, while in reality women have become bigger.
Ideal man has become more muscular

83
Q

Male Gaze

A

imaginary male onlooker who judges women by masculine standards.
Women often value themselves on how men see them

84
Q

The Other

A

De Beauvoir
Men treat women as a means to their own self-realisation
The woman is the Muse, to inspire the man to do great deeds

85
Q

Sexual Scripts

A

The ‘accepted’ way to behave when fucking

86
Q

Eve Kosowsky Sedgwick

A

Homosociality
People often socialize with only their own gender

87
Q

Sexual Double Standard

A

If lock opened by many key, shitty lock
If key opens many locks, great key

88
Q

Paraphilla

A

Weird sex kinks
Gay used to be on this list

89
Q

Kinsey Report
Alfred Kinsey

A

Americans are much more sexually varied than previously believed

90
Q

The Social Organisation of Sexuality Report

A

Americans are less sexually varied than in the Kinsey Report

91
Q

BioPower

A

Modern society’s use of science to control our lives and reproduction
Foucault

92
Q

Scientific Racism

A

using science to prove white is right

92
Q

Race

A

describes a group of people assumed to share common ancestry, features, characteristics, etc.

93
Q

Comte Arthur de Gobineau

A

Wrote en essay on the inequality of Human Races

94
Q

Murray & Herrnstein

A

used IQ tests to say blacks r dumb

95
Q

Hannah Arendt

A

‘race’ emerged as Europeans sought an ideology to justify treating those they colonized as unworthy of equal rights

96
Q

Race, Racial group
Ethicity, ethnic group

A

Caucasian, African (visible features)
German, Nigerian (ancestry, culture)

96
Q

Racialization

A

Attemps to impose racial interpretations when unnecessary

97
Q

William Julius Wilson

A

provides concrete ways to explore the impact of racism by looking at effect on social stratification

98
Q

Prejudice
Discrimination

A

Negative opinions or beliefs
Exclusive practises

99
Q

Marianne Bertrand & Senhil Mullainathan

A

Are Emily & Greg more employable than Lakisha & Jamal?

100
Q

Social Distance

A

How far people are willing to mix with members of others groups. and how far groups are excluded from majority of society

101
Q

Emory S Bogardus

A

measured prejudice using Social Distance
Tolerance grows over time

102
Q

Institutional Racism
Expressed Racism

A

outcome of certain social institutions
Expressed by individuals

103
Q

Karl Gunnar Myrdal

A

Racial Segregation book
suggests serious government intervention

Underclass - long-term poor

104
Q

John Howard Griffin

A

became black for a day in the Deep South and was affected by racism

105
Q

Peggy McIntosh

A

describes advantages of white people
-able to use credit cards without suspicion

106
Q

WEB Dubois

A

Double Consciousness
African American -> both black and American

107
Q

Frantz Fanon

A

black dude in a French colony, didn’t like racism

108
Q

Claude Steel & Joshua Aronson

A

Stereotype threat - blacks did worse on test when told it was testing if blacks r dumb

109
Q

Edward Said

A

Orientalism
How Westerners portray the entire East as one image

110
Q

Benedict Anderson

A

Imagined Community
Social, ethinc or racial grouping that is treated as a distinct thing, like a nation

111
Q

Robert Bellah

A

major sporting events are like a civil religion

112
Q

Will Kymlicka

A

National Minority
distinct group with own rights
First Nations

113
Q

Diaspora

A

global dispersion of immigrants of particular origin
‘the Chinese are taking over’

114
Q

Ethnic Enclave

A

alot of one particular group in a spot
Lots of brown people in Forest Lawn

115
Q

William Thomas & Floria Znaniecki

A

Marginality - being between two cultures, especially after imigrating
This study was for Polish to North America

116
Q

Imperialism

A

Extension of European economic hegemony into direct political control from Europe

Rule by a conqueror

117
Q

World Systems Theory

A

Extension of social theory to cover globe

Rich Countries take cheap labor and materials from poor countries, and give them high value goods

118
Q

Immanuel Wallerstein

A

Modern World System - book
There is no one empire - but many systems controlled by one entity - unstable

119
Q

Neo Colonialism

A

Continued exploitation and domination of poor nations by former imperial powers, even after the empire

120
Q

Thomas Sankara

A

black guy from Burkina Faso, basically made alot of money in agriculture.

French business interests paid his friend to overthrow him

Sociology 100 (5 decks)

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