Names and experiments Flashcards
Turing
1950 - mind as computer model
Rosch 1978
Hierarchical categorisation
Tafjel and Wilkes 1963
Line A/B length
-can perception be skewed by categorisation
Tafjels principle
The accentuation principle (line A/B thing)
Hogg and vaughn 2005
Welsh men are better singers
can the accentuation principle be applied to social situations
Sherif et al. 1961
Boys at summer camp (eagles vs rattlers)
Competition between groups causes rivalry? can be brought back together with co-operation?
Realistic conflict theory
When two groups are in competition for a resource conflict emerges leading to prejudice and poor intergroup categories
Tafjel et. al 1971
The minimal group paradigm
boys art/ meaningless group membership leads to conflict/favouritism
Asch
Central vs peripheral traits
Loren Carpenter
Pong game
Campbell 1958
How to classify a group (CF, P, S)
Hamilton and Sherman 1996
-opinions of groups/group members can be effected by cohesiveness of the group
Latane, Williams and Harkins 1979
effect of group size on social loafing (clapping)
Karau and Williams 1997
effect on group cohesiveness on loafing (touch typing)
Latane and Darley 1968
Bystander effect (smokey room)
Levine and Crowther 2008
Large group doesn’t guarantee bystander effect because empathy for victim comes into it (shouting at woman experimenter)
Tafjel and Turner 1979
SIT & SIT scale:
Belief system: social change —> social mobility
behaviour system: Intergroup –> inter personal
Social Identity Theory:
Tafjel and Turner 1979
That definition of self comes largely from group memberships. People take pride and self esteem from their ingroups so tend to favour them.
Turner et al 1987
Self categorisation theory
Self categorisation theory
Explains peoples cognition and behaviour as part of a group - depends on context (crate as chair/hierarchical)
Chameleon concept
We change certain aspects of our identity depending on context but there are some things that always remain the same
Markus 1977 1
Experiments on schema’s - Do they aid faster processing? (1) Independent/dependent/aschematic - response time to adjectives measured
Markus 1977 2
Experiments on schema’s - suggestibility test - are schemas resistant to change/contradictory information? (stronger schemas = more resistant)
Ornato and Turner 2004
The fluid self - change self depending on salient context - intergroup or interpersonal behaviour
Markus and Kitayama 1991
western vs eastern self
interdependent or independent self
Higgins 1987
Self discrepancy theory
-discrepancies between different types of self will lead to discomfort
Wood, Purunovic and Lee 2009
-positive statements in the mirror - self esteem/mood boost?
Dovidio Evans and Tyler 1986
Black or white prime followed by ‘‘could this trait be considered stereotypical of this race?’’ - shows evidence for mental stereotyping
Devine 1989
- dissociable processes involved in stereotyping
- knowledge and activation doesn’t = expression of stereotype
Devine 1989 1
Ps give a list of black cultural stereotypes
undertake modern racism scale questionnaire
(same characteristics given by both racist and non racist peeps)
-testing knowledge of stereotypes across prejudice and no prejudice
Devine 1989 2
1/2 Ps primed with black racial stereotype words (rhythm, slavery, athleticism, basketball)
Presented with Donalds day
Primed Ps perceive him as more aggressive
-prejudice and non prejudice associate black with aggression (closely linked schemas)
-mere knowledge of stereotypes is enough to prompt discrimination
Devine 1989
Ps asked to put down thoughts about black people
Prejudice gave more negative traits more often
-Can we consciously reject unconscious stereotypes?
Macrae, Milne and Bodenhausen 1994
The dual task paradigm
(listening to the podcast and memorising traits of 4 characters)
does stereotyping free up processing capacity for other tasks
Correll et al 2002
Policemans dilemma
-consequences of racial stereotyping
Macrae et al 1994
Skinhead passage thing
-What effect does suppressing stereotypes have? behavioural and cognitive
Steele and Aaronson 1995
Blacks and whites at golf
Does stereotyping effect performance?
Moss-Racusin 2012
Changed the gender in a CV
Does gender stereotyping effect perception of individual/prospects for work
Kawakami et al. 2000
Press and say no to link between two concepts
can temporarily erase subconscious stereotypes
Festinger and carlsmith 1959
Turning pegs upside down then oping in another P
Cognitive dissonance
Freedman and Fraser 1966
Foot in the door compliance
Cardinal et al 1975
Door in the face compliance is based on rejection moderation
Cialdini et al 1975
door in the face
Cialdini et a 1978
Low balling
Biligs 1996
There are no underlying principles for persuasion or they would have been found out already
Milgrim
Electric shock teacher student
-When absolved of responsibility for consequences people are much more obedient
Allport 1954
Contact hypothesis
Stephan & Stephan 2005
Interventions to reduce prejudice:
- Promoting multiculturalism through education
- diversity training in groups
- organised intergroup dialogues
- cooperative learning groups
Wright et al 1997
Extended contact in reducing prejudice
levine et al 2005
man utd supporter vs football supporter
-shared category membership should lead to increased willingness to help
