Names Flashcards
Wundt (his work overall)
- First person to acknowledge himself as a psychologist
- set up the 1st lab dedicated to psychology
- His approach became known as structuralism due to the scientific methods used
- he developed a technique called introspection
- separated psychology from philosophy
Wundt (study)
Wundt and co-workers recorded their own conscious feelings in response to a stimuli, their responses were compared in a standardised and controlled way to make replication possible (marked separation from philosophy)
Watson and Skinner
Brought language, rigor and methods of the natural sciences to psychology
Pavlov
- He developed the theory of classical conditioning
- He tested the theory using dogs who were conditioned to associate the sound of a bell (neutral stimuli) with food (unconditioned stimuli). Which resulted in the dogs producing saliva (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell (conditioned stimuli) even if there was no food present
- Demonstrating that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and uncontrollable behaviour
Skinner
- Behaviour is the result of learning through consequences
- Conducted research into the operant conditioning theory using rats
- 3 types of reinforcement; positive, negative and punishment
- He examined rats in the Skinner box, they would move around the cage and when they accidentally pressed the lever they were rewarded
- The animal would then learn through positive reinforcement and learn a new voluntary behaviour
Watson
believed scientific psychology should study phenomena that can be observed and measured
Bandura and Walters
- see if aggression can be learned through social learning theory principles
- 72 children aged between 3-6
- put in 1 of 3 groups for 10 mins;
- aggressive model= children played whilst watching adult hit Bobo doll
- non-aggressive=children played whilst adult played quietly
- control= child didn’t see model
- children were deliberately frustrated, then placed in the room with a range of aggressive toys+non-aggressive toys and Bobo doll for 20 mins
- Children who saw the aggressive model produced more aggressive acts
- Shows that aggressive behaviour can be learned through observation and imitation
Fox and Bailenson
found humans were more likely to imitate computer generated virtual humans who were similar to themselves
Rushton and Campbell
found that same-sex modelling increased the number of female observers who agreed to and the did donate blood
Myers
confirmed the importance of vicarious learning for the effectiveness of workplace teams
Skyes and Matza
SLT in the real world has long been a feature in explanations of criminal behaviour
Andsager et al
Found that identification with a character or example may increase the likelihood that audiences will model behaviour presented in an anti-alcohol message
Johnson and Scott
Research has found that human memory maybe affected by emotional factors such as the influence of anxiety on eyewitnesses
Brazleton et al
- Brazleton et al observed mothers and babies interactions, reporting the existence of interactional synchrony
- Extended study from observation to experiment
- Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies, whilst they initally showed distress through repeated ignoring some babies curled up and lied motionless
McGuffin et al
If 1 identical twin had depression, there is a 46% chance the other twin will also have depression
Buss
- Men prefer good looks, youth and chastity
- Woman preferred good financial prospects, industriousness and dependability
- an example of evolutionary psychology
Freud
- Psychodynamic approach= there are vast parts of the mind that are inaccessible to conscious awareness, with any traumatic event hidden there eg metaphor of an ice berg
- AND personality has 3 components ID, ego and superego
- Psychosexual stages= oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
Biskup et al
-reported a naturalistic study of 36 patients that demonstrated that at the end of psychoanalytic therapy, 77% of the patients showed clinically significant improvements
Bachrach et al
-meta-analysis of every major study of the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment and found that all studies show that psychoanalysis is an effective treatment for many patients
Karl Popper
- Argued Freud’s approach didn’t meet the scientific criterion of falsification
- In that it’s not open to be disproved
- This affords the psychodynamic theory the status of Pseudosecience rather than the real science
Maslow
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a model of psychological development
- 1st= Physiological needs- such as breathing and food
- 2nd=Safety and Security- shelter and employment
- 3rd= Love and belonging-family and friends
- 4th=Self-esteem- confidence and respect
- 5th=Self-actualisation- drive to reach full potential
- Its often the case that mostly individuals work up through the hierarchy but not everyone
- He also believed that self-actualisation takes the form of peak experiences which are characterised by feelings of euphoria and it is also rare
Rogers
- He was primarily interested in 2 basic human needs; the need for self-worth and the need for unconditional positive regard from others
- Both emerge from good relationships with supportive parents in childhood
- ALSO, unhappiness and dissatisfaction were the outcomes of a psychological gap between self-concept and the ideal self
- When the 2 concepts are incongruent it’s necessary to use defence mechanisms to provide protection against feeling negative
- But are said to be in a state of congruence when self-concept and the ideal self have an agreement
Harter et al
- Discovered teens who feel they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain their parents approval frequently end up not liking themselves
- They also found that teens who created a ‘false self’ are more likely to develop depression
Nevis
- Conducted in China
- Found belongingness needs were seen as more fundamental than physiological needs and self-actualisation was defined more in terms of contributions to the community rather than individual development
Rogerian therapy
- purpose is to close the gap of incongruence between self-concept and the ideal self, thus allowing an individual to recognise both their psychological limits and their strengths
- Rogers believed through a person-centred approach to counselling, an individual would be helped to make positive steps towards resolving their issues
