NA pressure groups

Question 1

summary

3 points

Answer 1

1. most of period NA did little to help advance civil rights
2. divisions in tribes - easier for gov to pursue policies
3. after WW2 - increased sense of unity and NA organisations established

Question 2

NA divisions (not a united front agains gov) 
5 points

Answer 2

1. Plains wars tribes thought against each other as well as gov
2. some tribes make treaties with gov
3. Society of American Indians 1911
   to promote unity but lacked funds and mass support
4. NA spread across whole country, lacked agreed aim and made up small proportion of population
5. progress began in 1920s and 30s with work of social scientists and anthropologists
   Meriam report 1928
   growing awareness continued in 1930s with work of John Collier

Question 3

WW2

3 points

Answer 3

1. establishment of National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) - brought together tribes
2. experience in war - raised awareness of racism and discrimination
3. NCAI pressure on gov to improve their rights - Indian Claims Commission established 1946

Question 4

Termination

1 point

Answer 4

1. awareness of civil rights movement -
   National Indian Youth Council NIYC 1961
   law cases to protect treaties and religious freedoms

Question 5

importance of Red Power and American Indian Movement

5 points

Answer 5

1. inspired by Black Power movement
2. militant approach
3. Red Power mass movement
   pride in race and culture
4. formation of American Indian Movement AIM 1968
5. Exert pressure on gov / encourage presidents (Nixon, Carter) to pass legislation

Question 6

NA actions latter part of period

8 points

Answer 6

1. establish group to patrol streets and monitor police activities (AIM)
   AIM leaders claimed 22 week without any arrests (prior 5-6 a day)
2. fish-in Washington state
   uphold treaty right which SC failed to protect
3. publish literature on history and culture
   raise awareness
4. pursue cases in SC to recover tribal lands
5. besieged Alcatraz 1969 (led by Richard Oakes)
   Occupy island and demand its return
   worldwide coverage
6. Occupy Mount Rushmore 1971 (AIM)
   sacred burial ground of Sioux
7. take over Bureau of Indian Affairs 1972 (AIM)
   (although led to violence and evicted - less succesful)
8. Occupy Wounded Knee 1973 (AIM)
   Sioux massacred in 1890

PUBLICITY AND PRESSURE ON GOV

Question 7

position of NA by 1992

3 points

Answer 7

1. improved
2. helped by own actions and change of gov attitude
3. had not regained all lost land
   more difficult with attitude of president Reagan