federal government attitudes and actions

Question 1

summary

3 points

Answer 1

1. most of period did not support rights
2. New Deal supportive
3. not until 1969 and Nixon’s presidency that did anything to help desire for self determination

Question 2

hindering rights - gov policy

2 points

Answer 2

1. manifest destiny - encouragement of settlement on plains e.g. Homesteads Act.
2. assimilation seen as key to controlling NA
   NA a problem - way of life conflicted with laws gov had established.

Question 3

hindering rights - allotment policy / Dawes Act 1887

3 points

Answer 3

1. seen as improving position of NA
2. ignored tribal nature / way of life
3. went against desire for self-determination

Question 4

hindering rights - reservation policy

1 point

Answer 4

1. allowed gov to control NA and remove tribal customs

Question 5

hindering rights - economic problems (reduce revenue available to NA)
4 points

Answer 5

1. american civil war 1961-65
2. 1890s (economic decline)
3. WW2
4. Reagan’s presidency -
   reduced state and federal expenditure.
   belief in ‘Native Capitalism’ as means to gain self sufficiency.

Question 6

supporting rights - summary

Answer 6

1. Roosevelt,
   Johnson, Nixon (in particular), Ford, Carter,
2. New Deal - Indian Reorganization Act 1934 helps preserve culture
3. Johnson spoke of NA as ‘forgotten Americans’ set out programmes to improve position. Nixon built on this

Question 7

supporting rights - what did programme (first set out by johnson) improve
6 points

Answer 7

1. 1970-78 greatest advancement in rights for NA
2. Nixon
   Indian Education Act 1972 = education provision, recognises unique needs of NA children
3. some NA nations/tribes regain native sovereignty and self-determination
4. some lost land returned to Makah, Taos, Pueblo and Yakama tribes
5. Ford
   Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act 1975 = self determination the focus of gov action
6. Carter
   NA Religious Freedom Act 1978 = protects and preserves religious/cultural rights
   Indian Child Welfare Act 1978 = stops removal of children from families

Question 8

Supreme Court - start of period

2 points

Answer 8

1. end of 19th century supported
2. start of 20th century - Lone Wolf v Hitchcock 1903 - decision to revoke all treaties and remove more land e.g. Pueblo Indians loose land 1921

Question 9

Supreme Court - latter part of period (faced with challenges from Red Power movement and claims over land and fishing rights)
5 points

Answer 9

1. Oneida v Oneida and Madison Counties 1974 -
   Oneida tribe sues successfully for return of land - encourages other tribes
2. Fisher v Montana 1976 -
   tribal courts right to decide on adoption - tribal courts recognised
3. Sioux v United States 1980 -
   Sioux tribe wins compensation for loss of lands but rejects it
4. Seminole Tribe v Butterworth 1982 -
   Seminole allowed to establish gambling premises on lands even though it went against state law
5. Charrier v Bell 1986 -
   helped protect NA burial grounds and promoted respect for religious traditions

Question 10

hindering rights - termination policy 1953

1 point

Answer 10

1. allowed mining and forestry companies to take more land