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N339 > N339 Exam 2 > Flashcards

N339 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

With healing, ______ are stimulated by a variety of growth factors. Healing begins 3-4 days after insult; mediated by __________ (type of cytokine), that are released by platelets and immune cells. GFs communicate with fibroblasts and _______ cells. Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers that help rebuild the tissue. Providing the _____ ______ FRAMEWORK FOR HEALING. Endothelial cells grow into the new connective tissue to make _______.

A 
fibroblasts 
growth factors 
endothelial
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
capillaries
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2
Q

fever, neutrophilia, lethargy, and muscle catabolism are all systematic manifestations of _______.

A

inflammation

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3
Q

Most systemic manifestations are elicited by ______ (three cytokines) and released by ______ and inflamed tissues.

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α

macrophages

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4
Q

The 3 cytokines CAUSE LIVER TO MGR ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS (______ and ______) WHICH CAUSE AN INCREASE IN ______ PRODUCTION.

A

BRADYKININ AND COMPLEMENT

FIBRINOGEN

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5
Q

ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AREN’T “acute inflammation”. They are phase related only and present they always indicate _______ INFLAMMATION.

A

SYSTEMIC

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6
Q

Acute phase proteins from the liver cause an increase in the level of ______ in the blood. Fibrinogen coats the RBCs and causes them to ______ more readily. This change in RBCs causes an increase in the _______ _____ ______, which is indicative of the presence of inflammation

A

fibrinogen
aggregate
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

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7
Q

Previous exposure to ______ antigens is not required for the activation of innate immune defenses. ______ is an important aspect of innate immunity that involves localization of harmful agents and the bringing of _______ cells to the area. Classic manifestations of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of ____.

A

foreign
Inflammation
phagocytic
function

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8
Q

Inflammatory chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are released from injured tissues, ______, macrophages, and neutrophils. These chemicals increase vascular _______ , vasodilate, and attract immune cells to the area (______).

A

mast cells
permeability
chemotaxis

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9
Q

______ migrate to the inflamed area, collect at the side of the vessel, and squeeze through into the tissue. Neutrophils arrive in large numbers in acute _______ infection and begin active phagocytosis. Neutrophils and macrophages produce_____ ______ agents to destroy and digest antigens.

A

Phagocytes
bacterial
proteolytic enzymes and oxidizing

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10
Q

With _____ inflammation, macrophages and lymphocytes predominate

A

chronic

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11
Q

Healing is mediated by ___________ released from platelets and immune cells that stimulate ______ to divide and manufacture extracellular matrix proteins. Endothelial cells respond to ______ growth factors by forming capillary networks.

A

growth factors
fibroblasts
angiogenic

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12
Q

Inflammatory exudate functions to transport immune cells, antibodies, and nutrients to the tissue and dilute the offending substances. ______ exudate is watery and low in protein; _____ exudate is thick, sticky, and high in protein; _______ exudate contains infective organisms, leukocytes, and cellular debris; and _______ exudate contains red blood cells.

A

Serous
fibrinous
purulent
hemorrhagic

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13
Q

______ manifestations of inflammation include fever, neutrophilia, lethargy, muscle ______, increased ________ proteins (CRP), and increased ____. These responses are attributable to the___, ____ and ____ released from macrophages and inflamed tissues.

A 
Systemic
catabolism
acute phase
ESR
 IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α
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14
Q

_________: immune system recognizes parts of our body as being foreign b/c of mutation on cells (identifies self tissue as foreign tissue due to some change).

A

Autoimmunity

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A 
Type I (Immediate, Atopic, Anaphylactic)
Type II (Cytotoxic, Cytolytic)
Type III (Immune Complex)
Type IV (Delayed Hypersensitivity)
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16
Q

Deficient Immune ______ leaves us open to disease.
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders

A

Responses

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17
Q

Autoimmune diseases occur when ____ _____ is lost and reactions between self antigens and the immune system occur.

A

self tolerance

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18
Q

True or False:

Exact mechanism of autoimmune diseases is unknown

A

True

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19
Q

What are 3 Factors involved in autoimmunity?

A

Gender
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors

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20
Q

Discuss Gender with regard to autoimmunity.

A

certain diseases are more dominant ex. SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
-estrogen may play role in autoimmune response.

21
Q

Provide an example of a genetic factor to autoimmunity.

A

Ex. familial clustering with RA

22
Q

What environmental factors influence autoimmunity?

A

extrinsic factors viruses, bacteria, antibiotics may trigger B-Cells to mfr autoantibodies.

23
Q

________: pathogen w/ receptors that are almost identical to normal tissue ; can evade or trigger immune response.

A

ANTIGENIC OR MOLECULAR MIMICRY

24
Q

____ _____: antigens that are hidden. Ex. Vasectomy triggers immune response. During embryological and fetal dvlpt, testes devlp separately, so sperm antigens aren’t available for tolerance, w/ vasectomy, have bleeding, antigens send msg to attack tissue.

A

SEQUESTERED ANTIGENS

25
Q

___________: shut down immune response after offending antigen has been neutralized (by phago or binding up of pathogen). Triggers release of Antibodies from B-Cells. antibodies. If we have too few suppressor cells, then not enough to shut down immune response.

A

SUPPRESSOR T-CELLS

26
Q

________ disorders occur when the immune system erroneously reacts with “self” tissues. These disorders are thought to be polygenic and ______; however, the exact etiologic process is unknown.

A

Autoimmune

multifactorial

27
Q

The theory involving release of ____ _____ suggests that self antigens that do not come in direct contact with lymphocytes during fetal development may cause autoimmune reactions if they are subsequently released from sequestration.

A

sequestered antigens

28
Q

Abnormal production of subclasses of T lymphocytes, particularly____ ______, has been proposed as a reason for the development of autoimmunity, as well as the development of abnormal ______ that do not respond to suppressor T cell signals.

A

suppressor T cells

B cells

29
Q

A genetic component is probable, inasmuch as certain autoimmune disorders are more commonly associated with particular _____ and female _____.

A

MHC types

gender

30
Q

______ may also be causative in the development of autoimmune disorders. Viruses may alter ____ cells, thus precipitating an immune attack. Formed antibodies may then ______ with similar but uninfected cells.

A

Viruses
self
cross-react

31
Q

What’s a type I hypersensitivity response called?

A

-Anaphylactic

32
Q

What is the mechanism for Type I hypersensistivity?

A

IgE mediated- mast cell degranulation

33
Q

With type II hypersenitivity (cytotoxic) which mechanism is classic?

A

IgG and IgM antibody formation

34
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity is cell mediated (delayed). What type of mechanism is responsible for the response?

A

sensitized T-lymphocytes release cytokines and produce T-cell mediated cytotoxicity (ie not antibody mediated)

35
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic or ____type of reaction mediated primarily by sensitized ___cells. The reaction is initiated when __ antibodies located on the mast cell membrane are bound by antigen, with subsequent cross-linking of IgE receptors. Mast cell ____ releases chemicals that mediate the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Released histamine, kinin, prostaglandins, interleukins, and leukotrienes cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, and bronchoconstriction. Examples of type I reactions include drug reactions, bee sting reactions, and asthma.

A

anaphylactic
mast
IgE
degranulation

36
Q

In a type I hypersensitivity reaction, Released
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, and bronchoconstriction.

A
  1. histamine,
  2. kinin,
    3, prostaglandins,
  3. interleukins,
  4. leukotrienes
37
Q

Type II hypersensitivity occurs when _____are formed against antigens on cell surfaces, usually resulting in ____of target cells. Cell lysis may be mediated by activated ______ (membrane attack complex) or by phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by the attached antibodies. Examples include transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, myasthenia gravis, and hyperacute graft rejection.

A

antibodies
lysis
complement fragments

38
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of ______ and subsequent tissue inflammation and destruction. Antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement cascade and subsequently attract phagocytic cells to the tissue. Persistent low-grade infections, inhalation of antigens into alveoli, and autoimmune production of antibodies may result in chronic production of antigen-antibody complexes. Examples include glomerulonephritis and SLE.

A

complement

39
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are ______and do not require antibody production, in contrast to type I, II, and III reactions. Sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and initiate ______. Contact dermatitis, tuberculin reactions, transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease are examples.

A

T-cell mediated

inflammation

40
Q

What are 3 possible causes of human anaphylaxis?

A

Medications
Biological Agents
Food

41
Q

Name two types of medications that cause anaphylaxis?

A

Penicillin and Radiation contrast media

42
Q

Name 3 types of Biological Agents that cause anapylaxis?

A

Insulin
vaccines
insect stings

43
Q

Name 3 types of Foods that cause anaphylaxis?

A

nuts
shellfish
Citrus fruits

44
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is observed with the wrong type of blood transfused?

A

Type II antibody mediated (cytotoxic)

45
Q

When complement induces or enhances recruitment and phagocytosis it is referred to as ______.

A

OPSONIZATION

46
Q

Type II hypersensitivity: with antibody mediated cell destruction: cell _____ is changed so that cell destructs, membrane proteins fall apart. ALSO activates _____: which causes direct cell lysis, “recruitment and phagocytosis” (opsonization)

A

metabolism

complement

47
Q

Rh sensitivity is an example of what kind of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II antibody mediated.

48
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II Ab mediated.

49
Q

With Myasthenia Gravis, individual develops Ab to motor end plate _____, those Ab form receptor complexes w/ motor end plate receptors blocking receptor from normal _____and also cause receptor _____. results in poor or no muscle _____.

A

receptors
neurotransmitter
destruction
contraction

N339 (7 decks)

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