N3-N4 grammar Flashcards

1
Q

〜度【たび】に

A

every/each (time) [repeat pattern, cause and effect]

乳製品を食べるたびに胸焼けがします。
I get heartburn every time I eat dairy.

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2
Q

〜毎【ごと】に

A

every (time period) [i.e. during every (A), (B)]

バスは10分ごとに通っている。 The bus runs every ten minutes.

日を追うごとに、彼の瞳は目に見えて暗い色になっていった。
With each passing day, his eyes grow visibly darker.

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3
Q

〜置【お】きに

A

every (time period); at intervals of [i.e. after every space of]

この薬は一日おきに飲んでください。
Take this medicine every other day.

5メートルおきに木を植えました。
We planted trees at intervals of five metres.

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4
Q

〜うちに

A

while; during [hazy time period; ‘within’ optimal time period; indicates a specific moment]

明るいうちに、帰りましょう。
Let’s head home while it’s stil light.

彼と毎日会っているうちに、だんだんと彼の事が好きになってきた。
As I’ve been meeting with him everyday, I have gradually come to like him.

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5
Q

〜ないうちに

A

before; prior to [i.e. before something undesirable occurs, ‘while it is not’]

冷たくならないうちにスープを食べなさい。
Eat your soup before it gets cold.

雨が降らないうちにジョッギングしてきます。
I’m going for a jog before it rains.

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6
Q

〜の間【あいだ】(に)

A

while; during [action occurs throughout clear time period; with 間に, action starts and ends within this frame]

旅行に行っている間に家に泥棒が入った。
A burglar broke into my house while I was traveling.

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7
Q

〜てからでないと
〜てからでなければ

A

must first (do); cannot do without first doing ~; not until

論文をきちんとチェックしてからでないと低い点を受けるよ。
If you don’t have your thesis properly checked first, you are going to get a low score..

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8
Q

〜た途端【とたん】

A

as soon as; just as/after; when (unexpectedness or surprise)

夏は窓を開けたとたん、蚊が入ってくる。
Mosquitos will come inside as soon as you open a window in summer.

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9
Q

時 / Vる + まで

A

until [time period/something happens]

晴れるまで友達と居酒屋でビールを飲む。
I’ll wait in the bar drinking beer with my friend until the weather clears up.

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10
Q

[時/日付] + までに

A

by (a time/date) [deadline]

書類はいつまでに提出すればいいですか?
When should I submit the document by?

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11
Q

N + まで(も)
N + までして
〜てまで

A

even; to the point of [an extent; suggests surprise at things considered outside of the normal range]

一回笑ったら、面白くない話までおかしくなる。
Once you start laughing, even a story that’s not interesting becomes humorous.

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12
Q

〜る前【まえ】に

A

before (doing)

食べるまえに手を洗わないといけません。
You must wash your hands before eating.

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13
Q

Nの手前【てまえ】に

A

in front of [speaker]

彼女の両親の手前、発言には気を付けなければいけない。
I have to be careful of what I say when I am in front of my girlfriend’s parents.

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14
Q

Vる/Vた + 手間【てまえ】に

A

since; from one’s standpoint [going forward from an unintended or completed action]

勢いで手を上げてしまった手前、答えずに手を下げるわけにはいかない。
Since I had raised my hand in impulse, I couldn’t just put it down without answering.

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15
Q

〜てから

A

after doing; once I’ve [completed action]

洗濯をしてから、出かける。
After doing the laundry, I will go out.

おやつを食べてから、勉強を始める。
I will start studying once I eat some snacks.

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16
Q

Vる + ところだ

A

(just) about to; on the verge of

これからご飯を食べるところだ
I’m just about to eat lunch.

17
Q

〜ているところだ

A

in the middle of (doing) [is busy with]

仕事をしているところだから後で電話するね。
I am in the middle of work right now, so I will call you later, okay?

ギターを弾いているところだったからメッセージに気付かなかった。
I was in the middle of playing guitar, so I didn’t notice your message.

18
Q

〜たところだ

A

just (did/occurred)

今ちょうど靴を履こうとしていたところだ。
I’m just putting my shoes on. [sounds like an excuse]

バスはたった今出発したところだ
The bus has just departed.

19
Q

(〜たら・〜ば・〜なら)〜たところだ

A

if… then would be ~ [counterfactual condition]

パスポートを落とさなかったら、今頃に東京の空港にいたところだ
If I hadn’t dropped my passport, I would have been in Tokyo by now.

煙草の火がカーテンに燃え移っていた。気づくのが遅れたら、火事になるところだった
The cigarette had started to set the curtain alight. If I’d noticed any later, there would have been a fire.

20
Q

Vる + ところだった

Vない + ところだった

A

almost did; nearly [narrow escape]

忘れるところだった
I almost forgot.

ぼんやりして、バスに乗らないところだった
I was in my own world and almost missed the bus.

こんな所に薬を置いたのは誰?もう少しで赤ちゃんが口に入れるところだった
Who left pills in a place like this? The baby was about to put them in it’s mouth.

21
Q

〜たところ、(だった)

A

when; as consequence of [formal, written; past tense]

教授に大学新聞への原稿をお願いしたところ、すぐに引き受けて下さった。
When I asked the professor to contribute an article to the university newspaper, he kindly accepted right away.

身分証明証が必要かどうか確かめたところ、不要だということだった。
When I checked whether identification papers were necessary, I was told that they were not.

22
Q

〜ながら

A

while [simultaneous actions]; although [paradoxical, contradicts expectations]

23
Q

〜てある

A

something is done; something has been done [resultant state]

レストランの要約がしてあります
The restaurant is booked. [が = preparation involved]

テレビをつけてあります
The TV has been left on. [を = preparation unnecessary]

24
Q

〜ましょう

A

let’s; shall we?

25
Q

〜ましょうか

A

shall I… [do for listener]?

26
Q

Vおう + ではないか
?
Vおう + じゃないか?

A

shall we…?; shouldn’t we…? [formal event]

会社の方向性について真剣に話し合おうではないか
Why don’t we seriously discuss the direction of the company?

今夜はお祝いだ。みんなで飲もうではないか
Tonight is a celebration; let’s all drink together.