完全マスター文法N2 Flashcards
完全マスター文法N2から略表の文法を勉強するため。
～際に
硬い言い方
1課、8
- Attached to Verbs and Nouns that mainly express actions and events
a. 使う・完成する
b. 搭乗・外出
i. Boarding (airplane); going out, leaving (one’s home)
c. Often used in situations such as public scene
d. Not really used in General daily life.
～に際して (1)
硬い言い方
1課、8
- Attached to words that represent deliberate specific times of events
a. 結婚・店を開く - Later sentences express mainly the action
～にあたって (2)
硬い言い方
1課、8
a. Is attached to words that express more positive behavior
た形＋とたん（に）
～たとたん（に）
Just at that moment
1課、９
- Attached to verbs that represent INSTANTANEOUS change or movement.
a. 立ち上がる・変わる(intransitive)
b. To Take Action/Charge, To alter, Change - The later statement details an element of surprise
- NOT USED for:
a. The speakers wish/aspiration/wants
b. Sentences that representing intention or idea
i. ～ようＸ
c. Sentences that suggest a push or an urge to do something
i. ～ませんか・～なさいＸ
～（か）と思うと
～（か）と思ったら
た形 ＋
Before (I) knew it
1課、９
- DOES NOT
a. Convey about the speaker’s action
b. Not used in sentences
i. that express the speakers wishes/intentions.
ii. Sentences of encouragement - The later statement has content with an element of surprise implication
～か～ないかのうちに
辞書形／た形 ＋か＋〈動〉ない形 ＋かのちに
1課、９
- Attached to verbs that represent instant movement and change
a. 着く・終わる - The later sentence does not convey sentences of encouragement nor sentences that represent the speakers intention.
- Gives a strong feeling of “almost at the same time （ほとんど同時に）”
a. instead of “before I knew it” （～（か）と思うと・～（か）と思ったら）
～うちに （A)
辞書形／ている形／ない形
イ形い
ナ形な
a. During some period of time
b. While someone is doing something/something is happening/ something/someone is in a certain state
２課、１２
- Attached to grammar with a specific length of time.
a. CANNOT use if the time is unknown - In the last sentence, has verbs that represent deliberate actions.
～最中 で・に
ている形
In the middle of, at the height of, course of , middle of
２課、１２
- Attached to language that represents actions that are carried out in a relatively short period of time.
a. 試験・書いている - Later sentences often have a meaning “An unexpected type of obstacle occurred that caused something like a hindrance”
～一方だ (1)
辞書形＋一方だ
２課、１２
Attached to verbs that represent change (増える・悪くなる)
～ばかりだ (2)
辞書形＋ばかりだ
- Attached to verbs that represent change (増える・悪くなる)
- Often in situations where its not going in a good direction.
２課、１２
～（よ）うとしている
う・よう形 ＋としている
硬い言い方
２課、１３
Attached to verbs that have an instantaneous effect (始まる・幕が開く- to start an act in a play)
～つつある
(-)ます(-) ＋つつある
硬い言い方
２課、１３
Attached to verbs that represent change (暖かくなる・広がる)
～つつ
(-)ます(-) ＋つつ
硬い言い方
a. While there is something specific, (since there is a chance) you do something
- Attached to verbs that represents action that has wide ranges of time.
a. 考える - The sentences before and after are the same subject
２課、１３
～てはじめて
て形＋はじめて
After an experience, and after some type of situation…something comes to happen
３課、１６
The later sentence means “A new thing happens, to notice, To implement”
～上（で）
た形上で
名の上（で）
After (finished), continue doing…
(First done as a preparation, then the following next action continues)
３課、１６
- The first and later sentence are the same subject
- The sentences represent the deliberate conscious action from the first clause’s result/outcome
- Situations where attached nouns becomes just 「上」rather than 「上で」
- It is not used in situations where identical to 「てから」the before and after actions occur in natural order.
～限りでは
a. Only in the scope of the source of Information, can something be concluded.
b. According to some information, something is judged/Concluded
５課、２４
i. Attached to words that have a relationship with the following:
ii. 見る・聞く・覚えている・知っている・調査
b. The later statement expresses a judgment and more information
～次第
(minus) -ます 次第
硬い言い方
しだい
After something is completed, something (is , wished, pushed, wanted to be done)
———————————–
３課、１７
Attached to words that express moments that, at the time something seems to come to its natural course and understanding.
The later sentence that express the speakers wish/intention and sentences that express wants.
～て以来
～てこのかた
て形 以来
て形 かのかた
ていらい
Since (when), since after (something in the far past, not recent)
３課、１７
- Attached to grammar that represents previous points of time, but not really used for the near past.
- The later sentences mean “Something keeps continuing”
- Not used in sentences that represent the future.
～てからでないと
～てからでなければ
if something is not done first, it cannot be completed/implemented.
３課、１７
- The later sentence have a meaning of contradictory
～からして
- Judging from; based from, something is (of a negative implication)
４課、２０
a. Deals with possible problems or there are no important points
b. The later sentence is a negative result.
～だけ
As much as
４課、２１
a. Words in relation to instant time cannot be used
b. Often Seen
i. Potential verbs
ii. Verbs repeat Before and After
iii. ～たい・欲しい・好きな・必要な
～限って （３）
a. Because (I) believe something is the case, therefore, there isn’t supposed be anything bad/wrong. （３）
５課、２５
a. The later sentence means “There is not supposed be a bad situation,” but implies and is used in a negative situations and overall states the speaker’s dissatisfaction.
～限らず
a. Not Only, but also
b. Not just within a scope, but also contains a wider range
６課、３０
a. 「や」represents the meaning of ほかにも (in addition)
b. The sentences that use grammar that represent that conveys a wider range （みんな・さまざまな・いつも）
c. Not just a small thing, but also spread out more
に限り
硬い言い方
a. Only something specific, there is an exception
b. With the exception of
５課、２４
a. A way of expression used to explain in public
b. Added to words for something that is treated exceptionally
c. Later comes a statement saying that it only applies to that exception.
d. Generally, there are no negative or encouragement sentence
～限り（は）
名である＋
な／である＋
辞書形＋
a. Only while a (situation) is ongoing, the same (situation will continue)
b. As long as something is, that something will continue
c. As long as
５課、２４
a. There are words that express Before and after situations.
b. Because the sentence holds a the meaning of the Conditions/terms/requirements, the sentence does not end in past tense.
～限って （２）
a. There is something but, something unlucky occurs or accidents keeps occurring. （２）
５課、２５
a. The later sentence means “It becomes a not good situation.”
b. As a whole it expresses the Speaker’s dissatisfaction.
～限って （１)
a. Different from usual （１)
５課、２５
The later sentence means “Different from usual, something specific”
～のもとで （人を表す言葉をつく）(1)
a. With the influence of…. (1)
- ———————————-
8課、39
Situations to use:
- Is mainly attached to words about people (teacher, parents, etc) and how that person or people effected a person or situation.
- The later sentence represents the result of the influence (励む – endeavor; to live)
～うちに （B）
b. 辞書形／ている形／ない形
２課、１２
- Attached to grammar with a specific length of time.
a. CANNOT use if the time is unknown - In the last sentence, has verbs that represent deliberate actions.
- indicate what you should do, what you want to do, or describe some change or something that will happen
～のみならず
- 名・普通形
a. ナ形－だ である ＋のみならず
b. 名 －だ である ＋のみならず
6課、30
a. It’s different from に限らず, by the fact the situations are at the same level
b. In the later sentences that use も represent a meaning of “in addition” ほかにも
～ばかりか
- 名・普通形
a. ナ形－だ である ＋ばかりか
b. 名 －だ である ＋ばかりか
Even though (something is enough), there contains more. -----------------------------------
6課、30
- The first sentence says something unusual, then the following sentence adds other things to make it feel strange
- In the later sentences that use も represent a meaning of “in addition” ほかにも
- Not used for sentences that imply urge
～はもとより
名（時々＋助詞じょし particle）＋はもとより
硬い言い方
Even though (something is enough), there contains more -----------------------------------
6課、３１
a. Attached to words that demonstrate examples of where the speaker thinks is natural.
b. Later sentence has other examples added
c. In the later sentences that use も represent a meaning of “in addition” ほかにも
～上（に）
普通形
a. ナ形－だ である ＋上（に）
b. 名 －だ である ＋上（に）
Not Only, but here also is something good; bad
6課、３１
a. First and last sentences have the same value of words/grammar (Positive and Positive, negative and negative)
b. Not for the opposite or the unrelated.
c. The later sentences don’t imply urge
～に関して
名＋に関して
名＋に関する＋名
硬い言い方
Concerning (detailed info)
7課、３4
Situations to use
a. Attached to words that demonstrate examples of where the speaker thinks is natural
b. The later sentence adds the example.
～をめぐって
- 名＋Particle （助詞）+ はもとより…も
硬い言い方
Something is certain,, but there seems to be more
7課、３4
a. Often has verbs for obtaining information
b. The later sentence adds the example.
～にかけては`
7課、３4
a. Often has words that express ability/technology
b. The later sentence has a meaning of something that has “the best ability”
～に対して
A: towards (someone)/ for (someone)/against (someone)
B: towards/against (something that is clearly different)
7課、35
A:
Attached to words that express things like people/ an organization; theme/problematic issues.
The Later sentence expresses, on the topic/subject, direct actions, attitudes, feelings, etc.
B:
The before and after sentences state something that is clearly different.
～にこたえて
名 +にこたえて
名+にこたえる+名
…for the..
…responding to…
To do (something) for/to (the expectation or desire)
7課、35
Attached to grammar that limited to things like
Expectations, demands/requests, wishes,encores, etc.
The later sentence has the verb.
～にもとに（して）
- 名＋もとに（して）
- 名＋もとにした＋名
a. Based on, derived from, built from, made from
b. (manufactured from (some sort of: ingredient, foundation)
８課、38
Situations to use
a. Not used for actual material
b. The later sentence often has verbs that mean something is newly manufactured; something that is put forth to be manufactured
作る・デザインする・考え出す・できる
～に基づいて
名+に基づいて
名+に基づく/に基づいた+名
～に（もと）づいて
Based on/grounded upon (method, design, policy, survey results, plans)
８課、38
Attached to words that have a basis. (method, design, policy, survey results, plans)
The later sentence has the action/verb
～に沿って
d. 名＋に沿って
e. 名＋に沿う／に沿った＋名
～に（そ）って
a. Along with,
b. Parallel to
c. In accordance with
８課、38
f. Situations to use:
1. Attached to words that have a meaning of basis
a. Rule, policy, manual, opinion/concept
2. The later sentence represents one continuing action that takes the stream of criteria as something moving and flowing together
～のもとに （状況を意味する名詞をつく）(2)
b. 名＋のもとに
a. With the influence of….(2)
- ———————————-
８課、39
Situations to use:
- Mainly attached to words that represent the state of affairs (control, management, understanding
a. This condition is influenced by
b. These state of affairs are influenced by - After that sentences that represent the deed, result/ sentences that represent the current condition (続いている・平等 evenness, equality)
～向けだ
名＋向けだ
a. Intended for….
b. Oriented towards…
c. Aimed at/for….
８課、39
e. Situations to use:
1. Mainly attached to nouns representative of people
2. The later sentence’s verbs show action that mean
a. 作る・設計する・デザインする
b. （to make, to plan/layout, to design）
〜としても、〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ (2)
普通形
xi. 普通形：＋～としても、〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ
xii. ナ形／名：である ＋ 〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ
15課69
定義
ix. Even if (something), (result is) generic (2)
利用法
a) The first sentence with としても is assumption sentence
b) 〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ are, even if it’s assumptive or fact are both good
c) The later sentence has sentence that express the speakers assertion, valuation, and impressions.
〜を抜きにしては （ぬ)
普通形
viii. 名：＋を抜きにしては
15課69
定義
vi. If there is nothing/in state where nothing can be considered, that thing cannot be implemented,
vii. If not something/thought of, can’t happen
利用法
a) Attached to words that express the speaker assessing highly
b) The Latter sentences express a meaning that something cannot be implemented
〜ないことには
普通形
ii. 動：ない形 ＋ことには
iii. い形：くない ＋ことには
iv. ナ形：でない ＋ことには
v. 名：でない ＋ことには
15課69
定義
i. If there is nothing, then nothing will happen/be implemented
利用法
a) The later sentence expresses a amount of absurdity that something will definitely become tough
〜（よ）うものなら
普通形
xii. 動：う・よう形 ＋のもなら
15課6８
定義
xi. If something, something will become difficult
利用法
a) The later sentence expresses a amount of absurdity that something will definitely become tough
～ものなら
普通形
vi. 普通形 ＋～ものなら
15課6８
定義
v. [A] is possible, then [B]; if one can do something.
利用法
vii. Assuming that it seems impossible
viii. The first sentence has verbs that express ability
ix. The later sentence has sentences that represent the speakers wishes and expectations.
x. Example 3 shows a stimulating way of saying
a) やれるのものならやってみる
～としたら・～とすれば・～とすると・～となったら・～となれば・～となると
普通形
ii. 普通形 ＋～としたら・～とすれば・～とすると
iii. 名 普通形 ＋～となったら・～となれば・～となると
15課6８
定義
i. In a situation where there is an assumption, something seems to do/to become
利用法
iv. 「～となったら・～となれば・～となると」have a strong meaning of assumption
a) 「～となったら・～となれば・～となると」, attached to things that have potentiality of implementation and is conveyed in a situation where it is implemented.
b) Either/both, the later sentence expresses things like the speakers judgment
c) 「～とすると・～となると」has later sentences that express the speaker’s wishes/intentions/ideas.
d) Does not have sentences that express to force urge on to/to recommend or advise.
～からといって (からと言って)
普通形
vi. 普通形 ＋～からといって
14課65 定義 i. While it may be true that ii. Just Because… iii. Nevertheless… iv. Not necessarily v. That reason exists but from that reason the general expectation does not hold true. -----------------------------------
利用法
vii. The sentence (From something the natural course is..) is a way of usage with negation.
viii. It is ofte used with expressions of partial negation like (～限らない・わけではない・とは4+5ｎ/、ｍいえない
～といっても(と言っても)
普通形
vi. 普通形 ＋～からといっても
14課65
定義
xviii. Although I say
xix. Although one might say,
xx. Although called
xxi. The image in one’s mind is seen as fact, but the image is hiding something that is different
xxii. Something is that moves the heart/mind is different conduct/behavior
- ———————————-
利用法
i. The image in one’s mind is seen as fact, but the image is actually hiding something that is different
～つつ（も）
普通形
xiv. 動（－ます）＋つつ（も）
14課65 (2課６)
定義
xi. Even Though I am mindful of…
xii. Despite me knowing…
xiii. Something is that moves the heart/mind is different conduct/behavior
- ———————————-
利用法
xv. Attached to verbs (like 思う・知る・言う)that have a relationship to movement of the mind and linguistic activity.
xvi. After that there are no sentences that express encouragement nor the speaker’s guesses, wishes, or opinions.
a) Facts Only
xvii. Front and back the sentence’s subject is the same.
～ながら（も）
普通形
v. イ形・ナ形／‐であり・名／‐であり ＋ながら（も）
vi. 動（－ます）＋ながら（も）
14課64
定義
i. Though
ii. Notwithstanding
iii. Although
iv. Something is different from the expectation a situation; preface with “but けれども”
———————————–
利用法
vii. Often is attached to words that express a state of affairs or situation.
viii. The before and after sentences have the same subject.
ix. Example A（３） shows how to use it as a preamble to acknowledge negative conditions.
a) あの子は子供ながら、社会の働きをよく知っていますね。
x. The negative value to the sentence is attached to words that mean of little value (小さい・わずか merely, only (small amount)
～ものの・～とはいうものの
普通形
xvii. （ナ形：な／である）動・形 ＋ものの
xviii. （ナ形：だ）名 ＋とがいうものの
14課64
定義
xiii. Although, but
xiv. Be that as it may
xv. Having said that, but
xvi. There is a fact but from that fact it’s not known if it
- ———————————-
利用法
xix. Attached to words that are high in fact and certainty
xx. Later comes a sentence that mean that it is not imagined/there is still a problem
xxi. Does not have sentences of encouragement
～にもかかわらず
14課64
定義
v. In spite of, nevertheless, although, despite,
vi. Not matter of,
vii. Regardless
viii. Literally: Despite the influence of
普通形
ix. ナ形： である ＋にもかかわらず
x. 名：である ＋にもかかわらず
利用法
xi. Overall, expresses the surprise of being unaffected by the previous facts
xii. After that there is no sentence that expresses the wishes or intentions of the speaker or encourages the speaker
～とは（硬い言い方）
N2 （完全マスター、13課、60）
硬い言い方
a. Indicates a word or phrase that is being explained or defined
b. （というのは）polite form
c. This phrase/word means/is….
———————————–
Situations to use
a. Formal usage
b. Used to explain or define something
c. After the words and phrase are defined has as the following options to conclude the structure of the sentence.
i. ～だ・～である・～という意味である・～のことである
〜わりに（は）
普通形
xiv. 普通形：＋～わりに（は）
xv. ナ形／名：である ＋ ～わりに（は）
i. Comparatively, relative, pretty, rather
ii. Unexpectedly, unusually
iii. For the (compared to （wide range of topics)..,
iv. A point which the basis is considered standard is actually different
利用法
19課86
1) Is attached to words that have a wide range of meanings and degrees
(1) (年齢・値段。心配する・若いなど)
2) The later sentence that has an evaluation of something that comes together as unexpected
〜にしては
xvi. 普通形：＋～にしては
xvii. ナ形／名：である ＋ にしては
a) Comparatively, relative, pretty, rather
b) Unexpectedly, unusually
c) For (compared to (something specific)..,
- ———————————-
19課86
1) Instead of a wide range, this is often attached to words that are imply a specific thing or within a specific range
(1) (2月・1000円・子供を作ったなど)
2) The later sentence that has an evaluation of something that unexpectedly different.
〜だけ（のことは）ある
普通形：＋～だけ（のことは）ある
ナ形／名：である ＋ ～だけ（のことは）ある
だけのことはある： ---------Is surely because… ---------Not surprising that… ---------It was worth… だけあって： --------Because, as expected…
19課86
1) After「だけあって」, sentence represents a large valuation/estimate.
2) Do not use for sentences that show far future estimates
〜 たところ
xx. た形：＋ところ
20課
3) At the time of…
4) Something is attempted, the result will be come/understand a specific situation
- Concerning and incident or an affair that occurred in the past.
- The later sentence expressed the result of that incident
- Compared to sentences that have the 「〜たら…た」 shape, the result is put on an emphasis on how it came into shape.
〜 きり
xxi. た形：＋きり
20課
2) Since…,it will stay as it is (since a time, that’s it)
3) After the action of something, that same state of affairs will continue within the same state.
- ———————————-
1. The later sentence expresses a situation where the expectation is not occurring.
2. Usually a negative nuance/implication
3. 彼に最後に会ったのは卒業式の時です。それきり、一度も会っていません。
a. This sentence’s 「それきり」is a customary way of saying.
- —The last time I met him was during the graduation ceremony. That’s it, I have never met him.
〜の/た あげく
i. た形：＋あげく
ii. 名：の ＋あげく
20課
2) In the end (after a long process), something bad
3) After all, something bad
4) After during various things, in the end bad luck comes.
b. Attached to sentences that mean a tough situation continued until the end.
c. The later sentence does not show a good result.
〜末（に）
i. た形：＋末（に）
ii. 名：の ＋末（に）
20課
（すえ）
1) In the end, a decision is made (something is decided)
2) After during various things, the result eventually occurs.
- ———————————-
a. Attached to sentences that mean a tough situation continued.
b. The later sentence expresses the end result and final decision.
〜ところだった
iii. 辞書形/ない形 ＋ところだった
20課
- Was/is about to do something, but it didn’t happen
- Just before a situation, but in actually it seems and it will not
a. Often in sentences that express a bad situation that seem to occur and use adverbs like「うっかり・危う」
b. ああ、残念だ。少しで１００点取れるところだったのに、９７点だった。
- —–There are also sentences, like this example, that express that just before a good situation and uses 「〜のに」.
- ——It is difficult to use in sentences that state a natural phenomenon or information (注意しても) that can’t be avoided.
〜ずしまいだ
i. -(ない)形 ＋ずしまいだ
ii. する → せず
20課
- Despite…, in the end I couldn’t do it/didn’t happen
- Despite what I was thinking, in the end I can’t do/without it it’s the end
a. As a whole, expresses a feeling of deplorable bad luck where a chance was missed.
b. Often has sentences in the past tense
c. Not used in situations where a chance is still possible.
～に伴って (1)
d. 名 （‐する)・動：辞書形 ＋に伴って
e. 名 （‐する）に伴う
ともなって (1)
硬い言い方
a. as; due to; with; along with; following
b. In one direction something change further occurs
c. Something is a result of a change
- ———————————-
9課、42
1. The front and end of the sentence has words that express change.
～とともに (2)
名 （‐する)・動：辞書形 ＋とともに
硬い言い方 (2)
a. as; due to; with; along with; following
b. In one direction something change further occurs
c. Something is a result of a change
9課、42
- The front and back of the sentence has words that express change.
- Used for changes in one direction
～次第だ
d. 名 ＋次第だ
e. ～次第では、
a. Determined by…
b. A result is determined by…
c. If a situation changes, that change determines a result
9課、43
Situations to use:
- Attached to various different and wide range of words and option.
- The later sentence expresses what is decided and what two options is laid out.
- 次第では allows for many options
～に応じて
d. 名＋に応じて
e. 名＋に応じた＋名
a. Corresponding with
b. Be suited to…
c. (The second part is the reasoning causing the thing is the first part)
9課、43
Situations to use:
- Is attached to words that are not fixed, but expected to change
- The later sentence expresses a change that meets and changes together.
～につけて
動：辞書形 ＋につけて
a. Whenever something is done, a good feeling occurs/some good result
9課、43
- Later sentence represents movement/motions of the heart/mind.
- 何かに付けて means “one way or another” BUT 何かにつけて means whenever there is something
a. In this case, what comes later does not have to be a sentence expressing the movement of the heart/mind.
～やら～やら
A, B, and something additional
10課、46
- Situations to use
a. Words of the same group line up with each other and there are various things that are not organized in any particular way are highlighted.
b. Features often when the speaker cannot clearly defined, there are various and complicated things thought
～というか～というか
Not sure of…something or something
10課、46
a. Although it is explaining a situation that is the same situation, what is the most appropriate expression is not clear, two examples are given.
～にしても～にしても (1)
～にしろ～にしろ
～にせよ～にせよ
硬い言い方
a. Although this is this, or even though this is this/
b. Whether this is the case, or this is the case…. (1)
10課、47
a. Has examples that are the same group
b. Has examples that mean opposition (like 5 and 6)
５） 将来家を買うにしろ買わないにしろ、貯金はおこう。
６）与党にせよ野党にせよ、リーダーは責任が重い
d. Later, often has sentences that express the speaker’s judgment and/or encouragement/pressure.
e. 「～にせよ～にせよ」is a little bit formal speaking style.
～といった
a. Such…as
b. (after some examples are listed, puts together the list
c. 何か、何か、何かといった、
10課、47
a. Attached to words that where there are additional examples
b. (like 2 and 3), や, とか, are often used together.
c. Example 4 shows one specific representative example and the method of where the gist of the content said
〜ぐらい、〜くらい
2１課
定義
i. N is the minimum level,degree etc, at least. …
利用法
a. Simple and light hearted limit
b. Situations where Nouns are used ぐらい is often used
〜など、〜なんか、〜なんて
2１課
2１課 定義 i. give examples j. show modesty k. make light of; belittling something l. underrate something 利用法 1. Attached to grammar that is considered low in rank/importance by the speaker 2. 〜なんか、〜なんてare easy ways to say 3. The later parts often have sentences that contain expressions that contradictory and one’s that represent those of the speaker’s ideas/advices/suggestions
〜まで、〜までして、〜てまで
2１課
定義
i. even; will go far so as to
j. to the extreme limit in time or amount (even if) I will do
利用法
1. Attached to grammar that show examples of element’s of surprise, at the extreme.
2. 〜までして、〜てまで show the speaker’s surprise and amazement within the state of affairs, and as with all, represent criticism, doubt , and feelings of surprise.
〜として〜ない
2１課
定義
k. Not one,
l. Not even one
利用法
1. Attached to the lowest unit/denomination (一十 number in order)
2. The later statement is a negative implication/statement.
3. 〜までして、〜てまで show the speaker’s surprise and amazement within the state of affairs, and as with all, represent criticism, doubt , and feelings of surprise
〜さえ (1)
2１課
Even (something seems to be so), there is of course more (1)
利用法
Attached to words that show examples where the limit is extremely surprising
The Later sentence does not express the speakers wishes or encouragement
〜てでも
2１課
定義
l. Even thought I have to
m. By all means, I will do
n. At the extreme limit, something
利用法
5. Attached to verbs that represent the extreme way/means.
6. The later sentence represents the speaker’s wishes and ideas.
〜とみえる
２２課
定義
o. Seems that
p. possibly
利用法
1. Mainly attached to sentences that represents seeing another person’s situation and the bases are guessed
2. The person who makes the guess is absent from the sentence.
〜かねない
２２課
定義
q. Possible bad result of…
利用法
1. Means conveyed from a current time that a negative result will occur
2. In comparison to 〜おそれがある, the cause/origin clearer.
〜おそれがある 硬い言い方
２２課
硬い言い方 定義 r. Possible bad result will happen s. To be in danger of t. To be liable to 利用法 3. A negative situation will possibly occur 4. Used more officially like in News and in commentary
〜まい、〜ではあるないか 書き言葉
２２課
書き言葉
定義
a. It’s not, but seems
b. It’s not, but it possibly could be
1) Noun and な Adj: なの＋ではある+まい、
2) いadj: く＋まい
3) ないVerb: (minus ない) ＋まい
4) する → すまい
利用法
- Not used in Polite form or in past tense.
- Generally, the subject is not used in the first person
- In the form of a question, 〜ではあるまいか is a way of indirectly saying the speaker’s guess and opinion
〜に相違ない ・ 〜に違いない
２２課
（そういない）硬い言い方
２２課
定義
a. a belief in for sure possibility of something
b. most likely
c. without a doubt,
d. for certain,
e. No body argues
利用法
1. Like the below example, there are examples where普通形＋から is attached.
a. 彼があれだけ強く主張するのは、何かはっきりした証拠があるからに相違ない。
〜にきまっている 話し言葉
２２課
２２課 話し言葉
定義
a. a belief in for sure possibility of something
b. most likely
c. without a doubt
d. for certain,
e. No body argues
利用法
1. *Different from 〜に違いない
2. For subjective or instinctual implications
a. (even if I think about someone, there is something)
〜をはじめ（として）硬い言い方
A. 名＋をはじめ（として）
B. 名＋をはじめとする＋
4課２０
定義
i. Starting with…(lists various examples that are within the same category)
利用法
１. Gives extra examples within a specific example
２. In other words, the later sentence has words that represent several examples
〜にわたって
名＋からして
4課２０ 定義 ii. Over..(the scope of something) a) Within (the total limit) of Time, place, number 普通形 1) 名＋からして 利用法 a. Attached to language that expresses the within the width of time, place, number of times, and scope.
〜を通じて、〜を通して （１）
名＋を通じて・を通して
4課２０ （つうじて、とおして）
（１）
定義
i. Throughout the (long time) …something continues
ii. Through the course of(long time)…something continues
iii. Something’s interval of time, the state of affaisrs continues in the same state
利用法
a. Attached to language that expresses a relatively long interval of time.
b. The Later sentence expresses the continuation of the situation
〜を通じて、〜を通して （２）
名＋を通じて・を通して
定義 （２）
i. Through/via doing…
利用法
b. Not just meaning a direct means/way, but also attached to words that that act as an come between (an intermediary).
〜べきだ・〜べきではない
２３課
定義 • …do the natural course • Must do • Should do • There is no other option but, • Dictionary form
利用法
１. States the speakers opinion/claim
２. Not used where an official rule is made
３. It is best to not used directly with a superior person
〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ(3)
15課69
Even if it’s (something is assumed/fact), (positive outcome) )(3)
利用法
a) The first sentence with としても is assumption sentence
b) 〜にしても、〜にしろ、〜にせよ are, even if it’s assumptive or fact are both good
c) The later sentence has sentence that express the speakers assertion, valuation, and impressions.
〜限り
辞書形: 限り
ている限り (多く形）
名の限り
４課
In the scope of..
In the limit of
In the situation where it is attached to verbs、
ている形 and verbs that mean ability are used often
〜を問わず（とわず）
11課52
Regardless….
Does not matter (of something), it is all the same
Attached to various discrepancies, words that imply a wide rage (年齢・国籍・天候・age, nationality, population), and words that are conflicting meanings (男女・内外・有無・man and woman, in or out, yes or no/existence or non)
〜にかかわりなく・〜にかかわらず
11課52 Regardless of (overall) relationship, it will end up being the same
Attached to words that imply a wide range (距離・金額・大きさ・distance, amount of hands, size)
Furthermore, Words of conflict are like (行く、行かない・多い、多くない) are in the same sentence as well as 疑問詞(holding a doubt).
〜もかまわず
11課52
Regardless of (overall) a general situation, do action without caring Without worrying, acts
〜(particle)はともかく（として）
11課53
Nevermind (that)…(lets focus on)
Regardless of (small thing), (let’s focus on big thing)
Attached to words that represent what speaker thinks is less important
Attached to か question/interrogative word
〜はさておき
11課53
As (that is) not as important, (let’s move on to..)
Instead of…,…focus on important
Attached to words that represent what speaker thinks is less important
〜わけがない
12課56
There is no way that
There is no way to consider
〜わけではない・〜というわけではない
12課57
It does not mean that …
I don’t mean that…
It is not the case that…
In situations where there is only partial opposition, words that mean “all/everything” (いつも・だれでも・どこでも) and (必ずも（not always）are often used together with this grammar
〜どころか（１）
12課56
It’s not… it’s actually a huge difference ((within same degree ex: Harry Potter 1 and Harry Potter 2)
Front and back of the sentence is attached to words that mean big difference within a degree and opposition.
〜ものか
12課56 （話し言葉）
There is no way that…
Sentences that have a little bit of strong emotional negation
〜というものではない
12課56
There is no way that…
(If a situation not in order, without exception of…something… you can’t say)
〜どころではない
12課56
It’s not… it’s actually a huge difference
〜というものでもない
12課56
There is no way that…(Softer)
(If a situation not in order, without exception of…something… you can’t say)
〜といえば （１）
13課60
（１）
Speaking of…
（が、けど、けれどなど）〜といえば（２）
13課60
（２）
More or less (certain true), but (moreover)
(roughly recognize)…, …(and say what you want to say)
〜といえば（〜ね・〜か）（３）
13課60
（３）
From what you say…do you mean…(immediately a thought strikes)
〜というと （〜ね・〜か）（１）
13課60
From what you say…do you mean…(immediately a thought strikes) （１）
〜といったら （〜ね・〜か）（２）
13課60
From what you say…do you mean…(immediately a thought strikes) （２）
〜といったら (1)
13課6１
You say that, but…(something unexpected/surprising (1)
〜(のこと)となると
13課6１
When it comes to….(a difference is emphasized)
〜によって
硬い言い方 １６課 Because of.. According too.. By means of…
(due to a something that has occurred, somethings is done/a result occurs)
Where a method is being used, like a tool (a phone, a pen, train), use the diction form along with tool. (電話による: by means of phone)
〜ものだから、〜もので、〜もの
話し言葉
１６課
Because…(to make an excuse)
〜おかげた
１６課 Thanks too (food result)
〜せいだ
１６課
Thanks too (bad result)
(Somethings/Someone’s) Fault
〜あまり、あまりの〜に
１６課
Because (of something big), (a unexpected ‘often bad’ result)
The later sentence an unexpected (often bad) result is represented. Does not convey the speakers own desires or wishes.
〜につき
硬い言い方 書き言葉
１６課
Due to…(public announcement)
