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History of ESS 1 > N hemisphere > Flashcards

N hemisphere Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the continental ice sheets in the N hemisphere?

A
  • Laurentide & Cordilleran (N America)
  • British, Scandinavian (Europe)
  • Barents, Kara (Russia)
  • Greenland
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2
Q

when was the European continent created?

A

at the end of the post glacial period

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3
Q

what was the British Quaternary Stratigraphy?

A
  • E Anglian coast
  • river terrace, glacial till and raised beach deposits framework for glacial-interglacial cycle
  • 4 phases of glaciation along the coast
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4
Q

when did the British ice sheet form?

A
  • devensian glacial
  • lgm ~21,000 y/a
  • covered Scotland, Ireland, Wales and N England
  • 800,000km3
  • up to 1.5km thick
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5
Q

sea level change in the quaternary

A
  • global av. sea level fluctuates with global ice vol.
  • sl correlated with glacial-interglacial cycle
  • sl at lgm ~120m lower than present
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6
Q

what can cause isostatic sl rise after deglaciation?

A

crustal rebound

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7
Q

type of landforms in the quaternary

A
  • wave cut platform
  • raised beach
  • marine fossils
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8
Q

examples of landforms due to sl change in the quaternary

A
  • Hope’s Nose Peninsula, S Devon

- Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea

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9
Q

when was the LGM?

A

20-25k y/a

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10
Q

landscape change in the quaternary

A
  • permafrost
  • periglacial landscape processes
  • veg, animals, humans
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11
Q

2 causes of the last ice age

A

1- increased summer insolation at higher N latitudes
obliquity reached maximum
precession (wobble) brought earth closer to the sun
2- increase in atmospheric CO2 from 190-280ppm
ocean degassing
biomass feedbacks

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12
Q

example of deglaciation

A

beginning of Holocene, just a small ice cap on Scotland’s Trossarchs and Highland Range then glacial re-advance during the Loch Lomond stadial

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13
Q

common name for Loch Lomond

A

Younger Dryas

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14
Q

what happened at the end of the last ice age?

A

biome shifts

  • temp biomes expand N
  • glacial refugia
  • tundra contracts
  • implications for fauna
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15
Q

when did Britain submerge by at the end of the last glacial?

A

~8200 y/a

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16
Q

a late glacial type site

A
  • lake windermere, Cumbria
17
Q

what indicates a change in geomorphological processes in catchment?

A

changing sedimentology

18
Q

what was the last interglacial in the UK?

A

Ipswichian

19
Q

last interglacial in Europe

A

Eemian

20
Q

last interglacial in N America

A

Sangamon

21
Q

which ice sheets are either side of the continental divide of the Rocky Mountains?

A

Laurentide- 3km thick, 33mil km3

Cordilleran merged with Laurentide during LGM

22
Q

what is the North Atlantic Ocean pressure gradient between?

A
  • subpolar Icelandic low

- subtropical Azores high

23
Q

what does the NAO do?

A
  • influences strength and position of NA jet stream, northern westerlies
  • modulates patterns of zonal and meridional (lat and long) heat and moisture transport
  • affects changes in temp and ppt across region
24
Q

what happens in a +ve NAO pressure gradient?

A

strong gradient so jet stream is forced N

25
Q

what happens if NAO pressure gradient is -ve?

A

weaker gradient so enhanced trough-peak-trough in jet stream

26
Q

what is AMOC?

A

Atlantic Meridional Oceanic Circulation

27
Q

what happens in AMOC?

A
  • N flow of warm salty surface water

- S flow of colder, deep water

28
Q

what is the thermohaline circulation system?

A

transport of heat energy from tropics and S hemisphere to NA where heat is lost to atm

29
Q

the impacts of AMOC on the global climate system

A
  • sea surface temps
  • arctic sea ice
  • moisture supply
30
Q

could AMOC be disrupted during glaciation?

A

yes

31
Q

when are Dansgaard-Oeschger events common?

A

in glacials and weak in interglacials

32
Q

in the N hemisphere, what are DO events characterised by?

A

rapid warming to interglacial temps, then slower cooling

33
Q

in S hemisphere what are DO events characterised by?

A

slow warming and smaller temp fluctuations

34
Q

what are Heinrich events?

A
  • occur in cold spells preceding some DO events
  • icebergs break off from ice sheets
  • transport terrestrial, minerogenic ice rafted debris into NA, deposited on the ocean floor
35
Q

is there external forcing in Heinrich events?

A
  • changes in NA circulation freshwater pulses, thermohaline

- ice sheet dynamics: binge-purge cycle

36
Q

types of external forcing

A

solar activity and orbital cycles

37
Q

what happened to Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets during LGM?

A
  • they fused resulting in coast-to-coast ice

- ice-free corridor route, people migrated into central N America as Cordilleran ice sheet melted

History of ESS 1 (24 decks)

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