Mycology and Helminths - Robison Flashcards
Why are mycoses hard to diagnose?
Most of the time they are missed or misdiagnosed. Very few antifungal agents
What is the one mycoses that is contagious?
dermatophytes
What are the three categories of fungal diseases?
Allergies, Toxicoses, and Fungal Infections
Describe characteristics of blastomycosis
Found in rich soils
Get from inhalation of spores or hyphae
Pulmonary blastomycosis is the most common in humans
Treatment is with amphotericin B
Describe characteristics of coccidioidomycosis
Valley Fever
Fount in desert soil
Get from inhalation of arthrospores (asexual) which germinate into spherules
Often results in many pulmonary diseases, but can disseminate into skin conditions
Treatment is with amphotericin B
Describe characteristics of histoplasmosis
Splunker's Disease Found in moist soil containing droppings from bats and birds Get from inhalation of spiny spores Can result in four types of disease Treatment is with amphotericin B
Describe characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis
Found in farm workers in endemic areas Begins as a pulmonary condition Dissemination always follows Can get ulcers or "steering wheel" buds Treatment is with amphotericin B or with ketoconazole
Describe characteristics of candidiasis
Most opportunistic fungal infection
One of very few fungi that can be transmitted
Can produce a wide range of diseases from superficial to deep such as thrush, diaper rash, ocular candidiasis, and onychomycosis, and oral candidiasis
Describe characteristics of cryptococcosis
Opportunistic fungal infection
From inhalation of airborne spores from bird droppings
Has the ability to resist phagocytosis
Various diseases come from this: meningitis, mild pneumonia, cryptocoma
Treatment is amphoteracin B and 5-fluorocytosine
Describe characteristics of pneumocystis jiroveci
Opportunistic fungal infection in AIDs patients
Can cause pneumonia
Treatment is with antiprotozoan drugs
What is a helminth?
macroscopic, multicellular, eukaryotic worm
What is the difference between dioecious and monoecious?
dioecious has female and male sex organs in separate organisms
monoecious only has both female and male sex organs
Describe taenia
Tapeworms
Found in both cattle and swine
Contaminated through infected vegatation
Humans infected through undercooked meat or infected meat
What is a scolex?
The attachment part
What is important about the larva stage of most helminths?
Needs an intermediate host
What are proglottids?
“eggs” of the parasite
Describe taenia saginata
“Beef” Tapeworms
Humans are the only host
Attaches to upper gut
Treat with niclosamide or PTZ
Describe taenia solium
“Pork” Tapeworm
Uncommon in humans
Can get cysticerci
Treatment is surgery, corticosteroids, or PTZ
Describe echinococcus granulosus
Tapeworm of canines
Contains only 3 proglottids
Get infected by eating cysticeri in infected herbivore hosts
Humans are accidental intermediate hosts
Causes hydatid cysts
What is a trematode?
Flukes
Lack complete digestive systems
Oral and ventral suckers allow to get nutrients from host
Describe a schistosoma
Blood fluke Dioecious most important trematode attack intact skin Migrate to intestine and bladder to release eggs in the host
What is also known as snail fever?
schistosomaisis
What are nematodes?
Roundworms that taper at the ends Have complete digestive system and have a cuticle Dioecious Females longer than Males Parasites of almost all vertebrates Have many reproductive strategies
Describe Ascaris lumbricoides
Most common nematode infection in humans
Reproduce in the small intestine
LARGE
Migrates from the lungs to the small intestine and other organs
Can get pneumonia and asthma
Treatment is mebendazole
Describe Trichuris Trichiura
Whip worm
Lives in the large intestine to the rectum
eggs to soil to mouth to intestine
Can cause dysentery, prolapsed rectum, anemia, growth retardation, tenesmus
Heavy infections are fatal
Describe Necator americanus
Hook worms
Second most common nematode infection
Eggs hatch larva in soil, burrow into skin, migrate towards the heart and and lungs and settle in the small intestines
Treatment is albendazole
Describe Enterobius vermicularis
Pin worms Most common parasitic worm found in the US Females lay eggs in the anus Intense perianal itching Fecal oral route from fingernails Treated with mebendazole
Describe Wuchereria bancrofti
Causes elephantitis and filiariasis
Transmitted through female mosquitoes
Affects lymphatic system
