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Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

They are Monophyletic group of eukaryotic heterotrophs

Which Have characteristics intermediate between algae and protozoa

A

Myceteae or fungi

Kingdom mycota

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2
Q

What are the two morphological types of of microscopic fungi

A

morphological types: yeasts and hyphae.

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3
Q

branching threadlike structures of mycelia

A

Hyphae

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4
Q

What are dimorphic forms of fungi

A

Yeast and mycelia forms

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5
Q

What are septum and their functions

A

They are the cross walls on hyphae
Uses:
•separate cells, which may nevertheless be joined by one or more pores
• permit cytoplasmic streaming, a form of internal transport.

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6
Q

What are ceonocytic hyphae and eg of organisms which have it

A

Aseptate hyphae

Eg; rhizopus

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7
Q

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mould

A

Mycelia

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8
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Eukaryotes with true nuclei
•No chloroplast and cannot perform photosynthesis
•Have chitinous cell wall
•Cell wall prevents engulfing of solid food
•Reproduce sexually and asexually
•Vegetative body may be unicellular or multicellular

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9
Q

Do fungi engulf solid food

A

No

Cell wall prevents it

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10
Q

What helps in the regulation of cell division

A

Glutamates and chitin

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11
Q

What is the β-1-4 polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in fungi

A

Chitin

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12
Q

How is chitin produced

A

Produced by the transfer of GlcNAc from uridine diphosphate GlcNAc into chains of chitin by chitin synthase

The chitin chains are then transported to the plasmalemma and subsequently integrated into cell wall

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13
Q

What is the chitin enzyme in cytosol of organelles called

A

chitosomes

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14
Q

What are the major polysaccharides in cell wall and the trace amounts

A 
noncellulosic glucans such as:
–Mannan (polymers of mannose)
–Chitosans (polymers of glucosamine)
–Galactans (polymers of galactose)
–Glycogen-like compounds

In trace amounts are Fucose, rhamnose, xylose and uronic acid

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15
Q

What is the main structural component of the fungal cell wall,

A

Glucan

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16
Q

What are the three forms of glucan

A
  • β - 1,6 – glucan
  • β - 1,3 – glucan
  • Mixture of β - 1,3/ β - 1,6 – glucans
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17
Q

Chitin is concentrated in bud scars that are areas of the cell from which a bud has detached.

A

True/ false

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18
Q

What are present in 30% of the cell wall

A

Proteins and lipids

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19
Q

Where do mannoproteins radiate from

A

An internal skeletal layer formed by polysaccharide composition cell wall

Read page 26

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20
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

The cell wall is essential to the fungus as it;
•provides physical protection
•maintains osmotic stability
•regulates cell shape
•acts as a scaffold for proteins
•mediates cell – cell communication
•the site of a number of enzymatic reactions.

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21
Q

What is located directly below the periplasmic space

A

Plasmalemma

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22
Q

What is the dominant sterol in fungi cell membrane abs he it found in mammals?

A

Ergosterol

No it is not

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23
Q

How thick is the cell membrane

A

(aprox. 10 nm thick

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24
Q

What represent regions of rigidity in the fluidity provided by the phospholipid bilayer.

A

Sterols

Thus makes it significant in the cell membrane

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25
Q

What the the use of ergosterol

And what will happen when it is inhibited

A

It’s is used to control chitin synthesis

Inhibition of ergosterol leads to general activation of chitin synthetase – excessive chitin production and abnormal growth

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26
Q

It is the repository of the DNA and also contains proteins in the form of histones

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

How does nucleus store proteins and extrachromosomal information

A

Proteins are stored in histones

•In addition to the genetic material in the nucleus the yeast cell often has extra chromosomal information in the form of plasmids

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28
Q

Where are the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle) located

A

Matrix of the mitochondrion

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29
Q

Where does the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

in the mitochondrial inner membrane.

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30
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of mitochondrion

A

The outer membrane contains enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis.
33

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31
Q

Why is The mitochondrion a semi-independent organelle

A

it possesses its own DNA and is capable of producing its own proteins on its own ribosomes which are referred to as mitoribosomes.

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32
Q

What are polysomes

A

lines of ribosomes strung together by a strand of mRNA.

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33
Q

are hollow cylindrical structures that are involved in the movement of chromosomes, nuclei and golgi vesicles containing precursors of cell wall

A

Microtubules

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34
Q

What assist in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

A

Spindle fibers made of microtubules

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35
Q

What are the reproductive bodies and what gives rise to them

A

Spores

The vegetative hyphae give rise to structures called reproductive hyphae,
•These hyphae are responsible for the production of reproductive bodies called spores

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36
Q

Why do we say fungi are heterotrophs and saprobes

A

They don’t produce their own food but rather on plants and animals

are saprobes; meaning that they obtain these substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats.

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37
Q

Can fungi synthesis it’s own amino acids and proteins from carbohydrates and simple nitrogenous compounds?

A

Yes

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38
Q

Where and under what conditions do fungi thrive in

A

thrive in substrates with high salt or sugar content, at relatively high temperatures, and even in snow and glaciers

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39
Q

By what means do fungi metabolize

A

Metabolism is generally aerobic, but some yeasts can function as facultative anaerobes( can survive with or without o2)

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40
Q

How do fungi grow and why do they grow that way

A

adding length rather than thickness;

•This growth pattern leads to an increase in surface area and is an adaptation to an absorptive way of life.

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41
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in?

A

Glycogen

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42
Q

Where do fungi get their phosphorus, inorganic ions and iron

A

Phosphorous: phosphate molecules

  • Iron: ferric hydroxide using siderophores
  • Inorganic ions: K+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+
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43
Q

What are the subdivision of reproductive spore production

A

Asexual spores are the products of mitotic division of a single parent cell. E.g. budding, fragmentation, etc

•Sexual spores are formed through a process involving the fusing of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.

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44
Q

Fungi spore have more resistance compared to bacteria endospore true or false

A

False

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45
Q

What type of spore formation Arises by pinching off portions of the coenocytic cell

A

Asexual spore

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46
Q

What are the two types of asexual and their subclasses

A
  • Sporangiospores(zygomyctesq)
  • Conidiospores( ascomyctes)
  • Microconidium
  • macroconidium
  • Arthrospores
  • Clamydospores
  • Phialospore
  • Porospore

*zoospores( chytrids)

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47
Q

What is the difference between conidiospores and sporangiospores

A

Their free spores are not enclosed in a sack

Have conidiophores

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48
Q

What are microconidium and macroconidium

A

Micro has a small single cell
Macro has large two or more cells divided by septum

Page 56

49
Q

What are blastospores

A

Formed by budding of parent cell eg yeast

50
Q

What are arthrospores

A

Formed by the segmentation and breaking of hyphae

51
Q

What are clamydospores and give eg

A

Thick walled resting spores

Eg. C. albicans

52
Q

What’s a phialospore

A

Vase

A conidium that is budded from the mouth of a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell called a phialide or sterigma, leaving a small collar.

53
Q

What is the name given to a spore bearing cell of a phialospore

A

Phialide or sterigma

54
Q

What is a porospore

A

A conidium that grows out through small pores in the spore-bearing cell; some are composed of several cells.

55
Q

What are the three sexual spores

A

Zygospores
Ascospores
Basiodospores

56
Q

What are zygospores

A

These are sturdy diploid spores formed when hyphae of two opposite strains (called the plus and minus strains) fuse.

57
Q

What does the zygote of a zygospore form

A

Sporangium

58
Q

What brings about the development of sporangiospores in a sexual sporangium

A

Meiosis of diploid cells of the sporangium which results in haploid nuclei that develop into sporangiospores.

59
Q

How are the sporangia from sexual and asexual spores similar and different

A

Same phenotypic structure

Different genotypes

60
Q

Gametangia plus gamete= ?

A

Zygote

61
Q

What are ascospores and how do they form

A

haploid spores are created inside a special fungal sac, or ascus (plural. asci).

the “male” sexual organ (antheridium) fuses with the “female” sexual organ (ascogonia).

62
Q

What sexual spores form from

  • diploid nuclei to haploid zygotes
  • haploid nuclei to diploid zygote
  • 4 haploid to 2 haploid
A
  • Zygospore
  • Ascospore
  • basidiospore
63
Q

What is an ascocarp

A

the fruiting body of the sexual phase in Ascomycota.

Some species form an elaborate fruiting body to hold the asci.

64
Q

What are the 5 types of ascocarp

A

–Naked asci: these occur in simple ascomycetes; asci are produced on the organism’s surface.
–Perithecia: Asci are in flask-shaped ascoma (perithecium) with a pore (ostiole) at the top.
–Cleistothecia: The ascocarp (a cleistothecium) is spherical and closed.
–Apothecia: The asci are in a bowl shaped ascoma (apothecium). These are sometimes called the “cup fungi”.
–Pseudothecia: Asci with two layers, produced in pseudothecia that look like perithecia. The ascospores are arranged irregularly.

65
Q

What are the four types of ascus

A

-unitunicate-operculate ascus

Unitunicate-inoperculate

bitunicate

Prototunicate

66
Q

What are unitunicate- operculus asci

A

Single-walled;
–has a “lid”, the Operculum, which breaks open when the spores are mature and allows the spores to escape.
–Only occur in those ascocarps which have apothecia, for instance the morels.

67
Q

What are Unitunicate-inoperculate asci

A

elastic ring that functions like a pressure valve.
–Once mature the elastic ring briefly expands and lets the spores shoot out.
–This type appears both in apothecia and in perithecia

68
Q

What are bitunicate ascus

A

enclosed in a double wall (thin, brittle outer shell and a thick elastic inner wall).
–When the spores are mature, the shell splits open so that the inner wall can take up water until it protrudes above the rest of the ascocarp to liberate spores.
– Bitunicate asci occur only in pseudothecia.

69
Q

What are prototunicate asci

A

Prototunicate asci
–mostly spherical in shape and have no mechanism for forcible dispersal.
–The mature ascus wall dissolves allowing the spores to escape, or it is broken open by other influences, such as animals.
–Asci of this type can be found both in perithecia and in cleistothecia

70
Q

What are basidiospores

A

These are haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell called a basidium.

71
Q

Where are basidia located in basidiospores(mushrooms)

A

Along the gills in the mushroom

And are often dark

72
Q

What is the function of the fleshy part of mushroom

A

A fruiting body to protect and help disseminate sexual spores

73
Q

Ate yeast larger than bacteria

A

Yes

5-10 micrometers

74
Q

An example of yeast that undergoes binary fission

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

75
Q

What are the types of asexual reproduction yeast does

A

Budding and binary fission

76
Q

What is the name given to a chain of yeast formed when buds remain attached in a row

A

Pseudohyphae

77
Q

How are yeast texa distinguished

A

–the presence or absence of capsules,
–the size and shape of the yeast cells,
–the mechanism of daughter cell formation (coniodiogenesis),
–the formation of pseudohyphae and true hyphae,
–the presence of sexual spores

78
Q

How are yeast genus identified

A

Morphology

79
Q

How are yeast species identified

A

–Ability to ferment and assimilate various carbon sources
–Ability to utilize nitrate as source of nitrogen
–Morphology

80
Q

What are moulds

A

fungi that do not form fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye.

•It excludes toadstools and mushrooms.

81
Q

Most moulds consist of a tangled mass (mycelium) of filaments or threads (hyphae)

A

True

82
Q

How do mound hyphae elongate

A

process called apical elongation

–Requires careful balance between cell wall lysis and new cell wall formation

83
Q

moulds may be differentiated for specialized functions, e.g. absorption of nutrients or reproduction.

True or f

A

True

84
Q

Some mould produce special sac-like cells called sporangia which produces spores
True or f

A

True

The spores are called sporangiospores.

Sporangia are formed on special hyphae called sporangiophore.

85
Q

What is dimorphism in fungi

How do they form

Give eg

A

Dimorphism is when fungi express phenotypically two different morphologic forms

The do this to correlate with their saprophytic and parasitic modes of growth

Eg. Dimorphic fungi grow as mould at room temperature in the laboratory and as budding yeast or spherules either in tissues or at 37oC

86
Q

What factors contribute to expression of dimorphism in fungi

A
  • high incubation temperature
    –high carbon dioxide concentration
    –pH
    –Presence of cysteine and other sulfhydryl – containing compounds
87
Q

What are the four major phyla of fungi

A
  • Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota

* Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (‘Higher Fungi’)

88
Q

What are Deuteromycota or Fungi Imperfecti??

A

fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed

89
Q

What are the 6 classes of kingdom fungi

BADOTU

A
  • The Class Oomycetes contains the mildews and water moulds
  • The Class Ascomycetes contains the mildews, some moulds and most yeast species (including saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  • The Class Basidiomycetes contains the mushrooms and bracket fungi
  • The Class Teliomycetes contains the rust fungi (plant pathogens)
  • The Class Ustomycetes contains the smuts (plant pathogens)
  • The Class Deuteromycetes contains species such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium
90
Q 
What class is 
saccharomyces cerevisiae

rust fungi

smuts

Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium

A

Ascomycetes

Teliomycetes

Ustomycetes

Deuteromyctes

91
Q

members of the group are of great importance in the formation of a mutualistic association with plant roots known as a mycorrhiza

A

Zygomycota

That is why there are found in soil and dead organic matter

92
Q

Members of this phyllum are characterised by the formation of a dormant form, the zygospore

A

Zygomycota

93
Q

What are coenocytic hyphae and which fungi has them

A

Coenocytic hyphae are nonseptate, also called aseptate, meaning they are one long cell that is not divided into compartments.

Eg Zygycota, Chytridiomycota

94
Q

Members form dicaryon

A

All fungi phyla except chytrids

95
Q

structure formed by two cells whose contents, but not nuclei, have fused.

may be regarded as an intermediate stage between the haploid and diploid conditions.

A

Dicaryon

96
Q

believed to have been the first of the fungal groups to diverge from a common ancestor many millions of years ago.

•They differ from all other fungal groups by possessing flagellated zoospores

A

Chytridiomycota

97
Q

What made chytrids move from beings Protista to Fungi

A

Fungi were defined by their lack of flagella, so the chytrids were assigned to the Protista.

However, molecular evidence, including the possession of a chitinous cell wall, suggests that it would be more appropriate to place them among the Fungi

98
Q

What fungi parasites have at least partially responsible for the dramatic decline in frog populations in certain parts of the world.

A

Chytrids

99
Q

Where do chytrids dwell

A
  • Some live saprobically on decaying plant and animal matter,
  • others are parasites of plants and algae.
  • Another group live anaerobically in the rumen of animals such as sheep and cattle.
100
Q

This phyla are characterised by the production of haploid ascospores through the meiosis of a diploid nucleus in a small sac called an ascus.

•For this reason they are sometimes called the sac fungi or cap fungi.

A

Ascomycota

101
Q

Many of the fungi that cause serious plant diseases such as Dutch elm disease and powdery mildew belong to this group.

•They include some 30 000 species, among them yeasts, food spoilage moulds, brown fruit rotting fungi and truffles.

A

Ascomycota

102
Q

What is lichen

A

•A lichen is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus (usually an ascomycete) and an alga or cyanophyte.

Around half of ascomycote species exist in associations with algae to form lichens.

103
Q

What distinguishes ascomycotaycelia from zygomyctes

A

Septate cross walls in hyphae

104
Q

What is a pycnidium

A

A flask-like structure which sometimes protects conidia

105
Q

In sexual reproduction of ascomytes

What are the hyphae involved

A

The ascogonium (− -strain) and antheridium (+ -strain).

106
Q

What is plasmogamy

A

cytoplasmic fusion

107
Q

What phylum exhibits this ; hyphae are septate, i.e. partitioned off into separate cells, but each cell is dicaryotic, having a nucleus from each parental type

A

Ascomycota

108
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs much more frequently in basidiomycetes than in the other types of fungi.

A

False

When it does occur, it is generally by means of conidia or sometimes segmentation

109
Q

Which phyla exhibits the clamp connection; device for ensuring that as growth continues, each new cell has one nucleus from each of the parent mating strains.

A

Basidiomycota

110
Q

Which phyla exhibits this;

Stalk formation and upward growth is extremely rapid; a stalk or stipe of 10 cm can be formed in only about 6–9 hours.

A

Basidiomycota

The growth is initially towards light (positive phototropism) and then upward (negative geotropism).

111
Q

What is used to identify fungi in the lab

A

asexual spore-forming structures and spores are usually used to identify organisms to the level of genus and species.

112
Q

Examples of media for cultivating fungi are?

A

cornmeal, blood, and Sabouraud’s agar.

113
Q

Why is Sabouraud’s agar useful in isolating fungi from mixed samples

A

because of its low pH, which inhibits the growth of bacteria but not of most fungi.

114
Q

What is the economic importance of these filamentous fungi

  1. Agaricus bisporus
  2. Aspergillus, Pemilcillium spp.
  3. Aspergillus + Saccharomyces sp.
  4. Fusarium graminearum
  5. Penicillium chrysogenum
  6. ‘ ‘ notatum
  7. ‘. ‘ roqueforti
A
  1. Edible mushroom
  2. Enzymes( lipase catalase amylase)
  3. Sake( rice wine)
  4. Single cell protein
  5. Penicillin production
  6. Enzyme ( glucose oxidase)
  7. Cheese flavoring ( Roqueforti blue cheese)
115
Q

What is the economic importance of these yeast

  1. Pichia sp
  2. Sacharromycae cerevisae
A
  1. Gene expression system
  2. Baker’s yeast brewers yeast
    Enzyme ( invertase)
    Gene expression system
116
Q

What yeast is the most frequently encountered human fungal pathogen, being responsible for a wide range of superficial and systemic infections.

A

C. albicans

117
Q

the dominant fungal pulmonary pathogen of humans and generally presents as a problem in those with pre-existing lung disease or damage.

A

The mould Aspergillus fumigatus

They may also affect the brain, kidneys and sinuses depending upon the level of immunocompromise of the individual.

118
Q

What are superficial infections

A

They include oropharyngeal and genital conditions
•Oropharyngeal: Occurs predominantly in HIV - positive individuals, geriatric patients and premature infants and may arise when a weakened or immature immune system is present.

•Genital candidosis: Very common and approximately 75% of women are affected by vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) during their life.

➢A further 5-12% suffer from recurring bouts of infection over a prolonged period of time.

119
Q

Egs of principal dermatophytic fungi and diseases they cause

A

are Trichophyton , Microsporum and Epidermophyton species.

  • athlete’s foot and
  • ringworm

Microbiology (5 decks)

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