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MICROBIOLOGY: CMOD-Week 2 > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

What target of fungi is useful for diagnosis AND is also a good target for drugs?

A

The Chitin cell wall

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2
Q

What form is a fungus in if it is living in a human?

A

Yeast (single cellular) form

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3
Q

What does it mean to be saprophytic?

A

It means fungi can recycle organic matter that can be used in different ways

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4
Q

What are the two primary differences between animals and fungi?

A
  • Chitin Cell Wall

- Ergosterol Membrane

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5
Q

What is the Chitin cell wall made of?

A
  • Repeating Chain of N-acetyl glucosamine
  • ß-1,3 and ß-1,6 glucans
  • Lots of mannols
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6
Q

Do humans have an equivalent of ergosterol in our membranes?

A

Yes, cholesterol - this is where problems arise with sterol targeting drugs

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7
Q

What are the two methods of reproduction for Fungi and what nomenclature is associated with these?
- what name is given to each of these modes of reproduction?

A

Asexual Reproduction = Budding
Conidia - Asexual Reproductive Elements

Sexual Reproduction = Ascospores
Spores - sexual Reproductive Elements

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8
Q

What are the two basic morphologies of fungi?

A
  • Yeasts (single cell)

- Mold (multi cell)

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9
Q

What structure is key to the pathogenicity of fungi?

- how do they gain access and how do they maintain residence?

A

Hyphae (NOT pseudohyphae)

  • Proteinase activity can allow for penetration of epthelial cells to get to basement membrane to bind COLLAGEN and lock itself into position

**Some just bind to fibronectin and stay outside

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10
Q

Molds

  • single or multicellular
  • key structures?
A

Multicellular

  • These develope HYPHAE that can become intertwined to forma Mycelium
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11
Q

Hyphae

  • Different Types
  • Subtypes?
  • Function?
A

**Hyphae = key to determining pathogenicity

We look to see if they are branched or unbranched etc.

2 Types:
Vegetative
- Works like a plant root

Aerial Types

  1. Sporangia
  2. Condidia
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12
Q

Differentiate between sporangia and condidia?

A

Sporangia - release sexual reproductive stuff

Condidia - release asexual reproductive stuff
***Condidia are Key parts of using Hyphae to make a diagnosis

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13
Q

What two structural forms of Hyphae can exist?

A
  1. Non-septated (multinucleate)
  2. Septated (may or may not be multinucleate)

**Another feature of hyphae that is good for diagnosis

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14
Q

How does nutrient exchange occur in fungi that are septated?

A

Pores are formed in the septa that allow nutrients but not organelles through

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15
Q

What are fungi called called that can exist as a yeast or as a mold?
- can this ability increase virulence?

A

Dimorphic Fungi can exist in either capacity

**This is a key virulence factor for some human pathogens

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16
Q

What is the precursor to both hypha and pseudohypha?

A

Germ Tube

17
Q

What difference in morphology likely exists between a fungus that is growing on your skin and one that is growing under it?

A

37 ˚C is the key temperature for conversion from mold to yeast

*Most pathogenic fungi are dimorphic so on the skin they will be a mold and under it they will likely be a yeast

18
Q

What are the 3 most common problems associated with molds coming into contact with people?

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Mycotoxicoses (e.g. Mushroom poisoning)
  3. Mycoses (true fungal infection)
19
Q

T or F: after invading, many fungi begin excreting toxins that cause irritation

A

False, no known toxins are involved in human infection by fungi

20
Q

What type of infection is most commonly generated by a fungus?

A

Sub-acute, self-limiting infections

**Usually they’re only bad in opportunisitic infections

21
Q

WHAT TYPE OF IMMUNE CELLS ARE MOLDS MOST SENSITIVE TO???

A

Neutrophils (**especially opportunistic infections)

T-cell immunity is of primary importance

**Antibodies may play a role in preventing re-infection but this is very limited

22
Q

T or F: similar to viral infections, our own immune cells cause most of the harm in fungal infections

A

True

23
Q

What do we treat fungi with when we want to use it to make a Dx?

  • What is the purpose of this substance?
  • what are we looking at when we do this?
A

10% KOH, gets rid of any human tissue in the sample

  • Leaves behind cell wall (CHITIN) which of diagnostic value
24
Q

What are fungi cultured on?

  • what are the parameters of this medium?
  • why so specific?
A

Sabouraud’s Medium is typically used

  • High [glucose]
  • pH 5.6
  • Low pH inhibits bacterial growth, because in most cases the bacteria outgrow the fungi
25
Q

What do yeasts form on agar?

- what about mold?

A

Yeasts - form bacterial-like colonies

Molds - differentiated by morphology

26
Q

What is the issue with using serology to diagnose systemic infections?

A

There is a lot of cross-reactivity among fungus

27
Q

What are there fewer anti-fungal medications than anti-bacterials?

  • are they typically more toxic?
  • Why or why not?
A

Less because there are less targets

They are typically more toxic because they are more similar to human cells

28
Q

If you have an immunocompromized patient what life-long medicine will they most likely need to be on?

A

Azoles

29
Q

Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromyectes are all what?

A

Funi

30
Q

How do we classify fungi?

A
  • *on increasing disease severity
  • Superficial
  • Cutaneous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Systemic
  • Opportunistic
31
Q

Where are Subcutaneous Mycoses found?

  • common reservoirs?
  • how do they get there?
A
  • Deeper Layers of Dermis or Bone
  • Soil and Vegetation (Rose bushes)
  • Often occur at sites of trauma (such as a rose bush)
32
Q

You get a systemic fungal infection anywhere from the S. California to West Texas. What is the 1st pathogen to suspect?
- what is your 1st line of treatment?

A

Coccidioidomycosis
- Causes VALLEY FEVER, MOSTLY FOUND IN THE HIGH DESERT PLAINS

1st - Fluconazole IV/PO or Itraconazole PO

Backup = amphotericin B

33
Q

You live anywhere near the Mississippi river and you get sick with a fungal pathogen, what are the suspects?
- what is your 1st line of treamtent

A
  1. Histoplasmosis
    - Amphotericine B IV and Itraconazole PO
  2. Blastomycosis
    - Itraconzole PO (mild)
    - Amphotericine B IV then Itraconazole PO (severe)
34
Q

You get sick anywhere in the east side of the country with a systemic fungal infection. What is the most likely suspect?

A
  1. Bastomycosis if you are not in the Miss. river region
35
Q

T or F: the endemic Mycoses are mostly systemic

A

True

36
Q

How does histoplasma capsulatum conidia evade host defenses?

A
  1. Can prevent Phagolysosome Acidification
  2. Prevents Fusion of the Phagolysosome

***This is an importnant feature for dissemination

37
Q

T or F: Thrush, Vulvovaginal, and Perianal Candidias are examples of opportunistic mycoses.

A

True

38
Q

T or F: diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for getting yeast infections

A

True

MICROBIOLOGY: CMOD-Week 2 (4 decks)

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