Mycology Flashcards
1
Q
Sterol of fungi
A
ergosterol
2
Q
Rigid cell wall of fungi contain?
A
Chitin (N-acetylglucosamine) and glucan
3
Q
Main difference of fungi from plants
A
Fungi are nonphotosynthetic. They do not form chlorophyll.
4
Q
True or false. Less than 50 species cause more than 90% of the fungal infection.
A
True
5
Q
Overall, fungi exert their greatest economic impact as?
A
Phytopathogens
- the agricultural industry
sustains huge crop losses every year as a result of fungal diseases of rice, corn, grains, and other plants
6
Q
True or false. Most fungi are obligate or facultative aerobes.
A
True.
7
Q
Fungi secrete enzymes
that degrade a wide variety of organic substrates into soluble
nutrients which are then passively absorbed or taken into the cell by active transport. This property is termed?
A
Chemotrophic
8
Q
Fungal infections are called?
A
Mycoses
9
Q
Most pathogenic fungi
are exogenous, their natural habitats being water, soil, and organic debris. True or false?
A
True.
10
Q
Th e mycoses with the highest incidence?
A
candidiasis dermatophytosis
11
Q
Immune response of most patients who develop mycosis?
A
cellular and humoral immune responses to the fungal antigens
12
Q
Asexual reproductive structures (mitospores)
produced either from the transformation of a vegetative
yeast or hyphal cell or from a specialized conidiogenous
cell.
A
Conidia
13
Q
Conidia may be formed on specialized hyphae,
termed?
A
conidiophores
14
Q
Conidia that result from
the fragmentation of hyphal cells.
A
Arthroconidia (arthrospores)
15
Q
Conidial formation through a budding process (eg, yeasts: Candida, cryptococcus)
A
Blastoconidia (blastospores)
16
Q
If blastoconidia continue to elongate and fail to pinch off, they are called?
A
pseudohyphae (yeast-like)
17
Q
Large, thick-walled,
usually spherical conidia produced from terminal
or intercalary hyphal cells
A
Chlamydospores (chlamydoconidia)
18
Q
Conidia that are produced by a “vase-shaped”
conidiogenous cell termed a phialide (eg,
Aspergillus fumigatus)
A
Phialoconidia
19
Q
Fungi whose cell walls contain
melanin, which imparts a brown to black pigment.
A
Dematiaceous fungi
20
Q
Fungi that have two growth forms, such
as a mold and a yeast, which develop under different growth conditions (eg, Blastomyces dermatitidis forms hyphae in vitro and yeasts in tissue)
A
Dimorphic fungi
21
Q
Tubular, branching filaments (2–10 μm in width) of fungal cells, the mold form of growth.
A
Hyphae
22
Q
Most hyphal
cells are separated by porous cross-walls called?
A
Septa
23
Q
Aseptate hyphae (lack crosswalls) are also called?
A
coenocytic
24
Q
Hyphae which grow within the surface of the medium (agar)
A
Vegetative hyphae
25
Hyphae which extend above the surface
Aerial hyphae
26
Septa formed as a process of hyphal extension and generally have a septal pore.
Primary septa
27
Function of primary septa
allows for cytoplasmic and organelle movement
28
Imperforate septa formed to wall off aging parts of the mycelium.
Secondary or adventitiopus septa
29
Mucor fungi have what type of septa?
Aseptate
30
3 structural components of fungi cell wall
1. Chitin microfibrils (N-acetylglucosamine)
2. Chitosan (glucosamine)
3. B-linked glucans
31
Gel-like components of fungi cell wall
mannoproteins
32
Dark brown to black pigments on fungi cell wall
melanins
33
Function of melanins in fungi cell wall (3)
1. Confer resistance to enzyme lysis
2. Confer mechanical strength
3. Protect cells from UV light, solar radiation and desiccation
34
Aromatic polymer found in spore walls of some fungi that confers properties similar to melanin
sporopollenin
35
Permeability of fungi cell wall
semi-permeable
36
An allergic reaction to molds and spores
hypersensitivity
37
Poisoning of man and animals by feeds and food products contaminated by fungi which produce toxins from the grain substrate.
Mycotoxicoses
38
Ingestion of pre-formed toxin (mushroom poisoning)
Mycetismus
39
Yeasts may be gram positive and are much larger than bacteria. True or false?
True
40
Cylindrical, branching filaments composed of a tubular cell wall filled with cytoplasm and organelles
HYPHAE (MYCELIUM)
41
Unicellular organism
| Round or oval fungi that bud or pinch off
yeasts
42
Size of most fungal hyphae
2-10 μm diameter
43
A mass of hyphae is called?
mycelia
44
Fungi that are characteristically
| sparsely septate.
zygomycetous hyphae
45
Vegetative or substrate hyphae anchor the colony and?
absorb nutrients
46
Aerial hyphae project
| above the colony and bear the?
reproductive structures
47
Fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by an anamorph, the mitotic or asexual reproductive state.
Imperfect fungi
48
asexual reproductive state of imperfect fungi
anamorph
49
Hyphal or mycelial colony or form of growth
mold
50
Mass or mat of hyphae, mold colony
mycelium
51
Fungi that are capable of sexual reproduction, which is the teleomorph.
perfect fungi
52
Sexual reproductive state of perfect fungi
teleomorph
53
Chains of elongated buds or blastoconidia
Pseudohyphae
54
Hyphal cross-wall, typically perforated
septum
55
Asexual structures characteristic of the Order Mucorales; they are mitotic spores produced within an enclosed sporangium, often supported by one sporangiophore
sporangiospores
56
A specialized propagule with enhanced survival
value, such as resistance to adverse conditions or
structural features that promote dispersion
spore
57
During sexual reproduction, haploid
| cells of compatible strains mate through a process of?
plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis
58
In the Phylum Ascomycota, following
| meiosis, four to eight meiospores form within an ascus
ascospores
59
In the Phylum Basidiomycota, following
| meiosis, four meiospores usually form on the surface of a specialized structure, a club-shaped basidium
Basidiospores
60
In the Order Mucorales, following meiosis, a
| large, thick-walled called ___ develops.
zygospores
61
Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (3–15 μm) fungal
| cells that usually reproduce by budding.
yeasts
62
Pathogenic fungi do not
| produce potent toxins. True or false.
True
63
Because fungi are eukaryotes, they share numerous homologous genes, gene products, and pathways with their
human hosts. True or false?
True
64
Growth in the mold form occurs by the production of multicellular filamentous colonies called?
hyphae
65
The mass of intertwined
| hyphae that accumulates during active growth is a?
mycelium
66
When a mold is
isolated from a clinical specimen, its _____, _____ and _____ are usually
sufficient to determine its genus and species.
growth rate, macroscopic
| appearance, and microscopic morphology
67
The most helpful
| phenotypic features are the ontogeny and morphology of the asexual reproductive spores, or conidia. True or false?
True
68
Cell wall component that activate the complement cascade and provoke an inflammatory reaction.
Cell wall glucans and other polysaccharides
69
Usually detected component of fungi cell wall voa special histologic stains
cell wall polysaccharides since they are poorly degraded by the host
70
Fungi that impart a brown or black pigment
dematiaceous fungi
71
The medical fungi produce two major types of asexial spores which are?
1. Conidia (from most pathogenic fungi)
| 2. Sporangiospores (Order Mucorales)
72
The lower fungi were assigned
| to the Phylum?
Phylum Zygomycota
73
Phylum Zygomycota, shown to be polyphyletic, has been replaced by?
Phylum
| Glomerulomycota and four subphyla
74
Under Phylum Glomerulomycota contains the orders of zoopathogenic molds which are?
Mucorales and
| the Entomophthorales
75
Two largest phyla of fungi
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
76
Phylum which include more than 60% of the known fungi and about 85% of the human pathogens.
Phylum Ascomycota (or ascomycetes)
77
In Phylum Glomerulomycta, Order Mucorales, sexula reproduction results in ____ and asexual reproduction occurs via _____.
Sexual - zygospore
| Asexual - sporangia
78
Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Cunninghamella are under which phylum?
Phylum Glomerulomycta, Order Mucorales
79
In Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
| Sexual reproduction involves a sac or ____ in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.
sac or ascus
80
Asexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes) is via?
conidia
81
Ascomycetous molds have what type of hyphae?
septate hyphae
82
(Saccharomyces,
| Candida) and molds (Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Trichophyton)
Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
83
In Phylum Basidiomycota (Basidomycetes)
Sexual reproduction results in _____ and four progeny
basidiospores supported by a club-shaped basidium.
dikaryotic hyphae
84
Type of hyphae of Phylum Basidiomycota (Basidomycetes)
complex septa
85
Mushrooms, Cryptococcus
Phylum Basidiomycota (Basidomycetes)
86
Most fungi occur in nature and grow readily on simple
| sources of?
N and CHO
87
The traditional mycological
medium, _______, which contains glucose
and modified peptone (pH 7.0), has been used because it
does not readily support the growth of bacteria.
Sabouraud’s agar
88
Content of Sabouraud’s agar
glucose
| and modified peptone (pH 7.0)
89
Sabouraud’s agar i sused for?
ID of morphologic characteritsics of fungi
90
agar that facilitates the
| recovery of fungi from clinical specimens
inhibitory mold agar
91
To culture medical fungi from non-sterile specimens, these are added to the media to inhibit bacteria and saprobic molds.
antibacterial antibiotics
| (eg, gentamicin, chloramphenicol) and cycloheximide
92
antibacterial antibiotics in culture of medical fungi ate used to inhibit?
bacteria
93
cycloheximide in culture of medical fungi is used to inhibit growth of?
saprobic molds
94
Stain that binds
to cellulose and chitin in the cell walls of fungi and fluoresces under long-wavelength ultraviolet light. It may demonstrate morphology that is diagnostic of the species (eg,
spherules with endospores in Coccidioides immitis infection).
calcofluor white
95
Pneumocystis jirovecii cysts are identified morphologically in?
silver-stained specimens
96
used to stain tissue sections
| when fungal infection is suspected
PAS
97
After primary isolation
of fungi, stains such as _____are used to distinguish fungal growth and to identify organisms by their
morphology.
lactophenol cotton blue
98
Specimens to be examined for fungi can be examined
unstained after treatment with a solution of ______, which breaks down the tissue surrounding
the fungal mycelia to allow a better view of the hyphal
forms.
10% potassium
| hydroxide
99
used for specimens such as surveillance cultures and cultures of urine
chromogenic agars
agars that incorporate antibiotics and chromogenic enzyme
substrates that impart color to specific organisms of interest
100
FACTORS AFFECTING ESTABLISHMENT OF MYCOSIS
1. Inoculum size
2. Resistance of the host
3. Severity of disease in mycotic infections depends more on the host immune system than on the virulence of the fungus
101
multiplication of an organism at a given site without harm to the host
colonization
102
invasion and multiplication of organisms in body tissue resulting in local cellular injury
true infection
103
Nucleus blue with clear or pink cytoplasm. What stain?
giemsa stain
104
Yeasts and hyphae are brown-black
Counterstain is usually green
Stains the cell wall only
GMS (Gomori’s Methenamine Silver) or Silver Stain
105
Stains cell walls pink
| Counterstain is blue or green
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
106
A direct observation using 10% KOH with gentle heat to ID dermatophytes etc
wet mount
107
Causes dermal hypersensitivity and is limited to determining cellular defense mechanisms and for epidemiologic studies
skin test
108
Antigen detection presently available for which fungi?
Cryptococcosis
| Histoplasmosis
109
Two cultures are inoculated and incubated separately at _____ to reveal dimorphism.
25˚C and 37˚C
110
Culture of fungi is not considered negative for growth until after ____ of incubation.
4 weeks
111
DOC for most systemic fungal infections
Binds to sterols and alters the permeability of the cell wall and results in leakage of the intracellular contents of the fungus
POLYENE DERIVATIVES Amphotericin B Nystatin
112
Interfere with ergosterol synthesis
Block the cytochrome P450-dependent 14α-demethylation of lanosterol, which is a precursor of ergosterol in fungi and cholesterol in mammalian cells
AZOLES Ketoconazole Fluconazole Itraconazole Voriconazole
113
Used for muco-cutaneous candidiasis, dermatophytosis, and for some systemic fungal infections
AZOLES
114
Azoles with few serious rare AE
Itraconazole and Fluconazole
115
A slow acting drug used for skin and nail infections.
It accumulates in the stratum corneum and prevent hyphal penetration through these layers
GRISEOFULVIN
116
Forms a barrier to fungal growth
GRISEOFULVIN
117
Oral antifungal compound used primarily in conjunction with amphotericin b to treat cryptococcosis or candidiasis
5-FLUOROCYTOSINE (5-FC)
118
MOA of 5-FLUOROCYTOSINE (5-FC)
Inhibits RNA synthesis
119
blocks ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase
ALLYLAMINES Terbinafine (Lamisil)
120
Orally taken to treat infections of fingernails and toenails well as other dermatophytoses
ALLYLAMINES Terbinafine (Lamisil)
121
ID if superficial or cutaneous mycoses: Tinea (Pityriasis) versicolor
superficial
122
ID if superficial or cutaneous mycoses: Keratomycosis (Mycotic keratitis)
superficial
123
ID if superficial or cutaneous mycoses: Tinea nigra
superficial
124
ID if superficial or cutaneous mycoses: Black Piedra
superficial
125
ID if superficial or cutaneous mycoses: White Piedra
superficial
126
A tropical disease/chronic infection of startum corneum
pityriasis versicolor
127
Causative fungi of pityriasis versicolor
caused by Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta
128
Pityrosporum orbiculare
Malassezia furfur
129
pityriasis versicolor is due to accumulation of?
(+) accumulation of sebum and skin oils – proliferates during times of poor hygiene
130
manifest early on irregular patches of discrete, serpentine, hypo / hyperpigmented maculae on chest, upper back, arms, or abdomen and are noticeable on exposure to sunlight
pityriasis versicolor
131
Superficial infection that presents as intermittent areas of scaling with variegated hues
pityriasis versicolor
132
Secondary infection of pityriasis versicolor causes?
folliculitis extends to into hair shafts and sebaceous glands
133
Most commonly affected areas: in pityriasis versicolor
skin of the chest, back and upper arms
134
In chronic condition of pityriasis vesicolor, pruritus and inflammation may be absent. True or false?
True
135
Dx of pityriasis vesicolor
direct observation of skin
Wood’s lamp -yellow fluorescence
136
Seen as "spaghetti and meatballs" in microscopy
Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta - tight clusters of spherical yeast cells admixed with hyphal fragments
137
Seen as Creamy consistency after 2- 4 days at incubation at 35 C in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta
138
Microscopically 1 by 2 to 2 by 4m broadly budding yeast cells observed, bottle shaped with a collarette like thickening seen at the junction of the mother and daughter cells
Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta
139
Treatment for pityriasis vesicolor
Topical selenium sufide
Oral ketaconazole
Oral itraconazole
140
Superficial mycosis from Posttraumatic / postsurgical corneal infection
KERATOMYCOSIS
141
Etiologic agents of KERATOMYCOSIS
Saprophytic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Candida), Histoplasma capsulatum
142
clinical findings in keratomycosis
corneal ulcers
143
diagnosis of keratomycosis
hyphae in corneal scrapings
144
Treatment for keratomycosis (4)
Keratoplasty
Topical pimaricin
Parenteral nystatin
amphotericin B
145
Causative agent of tinea nigra
Exophiala werneckii
146
Exophiala werneckii imparts?
brown to black color due to melanin
147
Seen as brownish maculae on palms, fingers, face and soles of the feet
Tinea nigra
148
Seen as Septate hyphae and yeast cells that are brown in color in microscopy or black colonies in culture
Tinea nigra
149
Treatment for Tinea nigra
Topical salicylic acid
| tincture of iodine
150
Fungal infection of the scalp hair caused by Piedraia hortae
BLACK PIEDRA
151
An ectothrix seen as discrete, hard, dark brown to black nodules
BLACK PIEDRA
152
In microscopy, seen as Septate pigmented hyphae, and asci;
| o unicellular and fusiform ascospores with polar filament(s)
Piedraia hortae
153
Seen as brown to black colonies
Piedraia hortae
154
Treatment for black piedra
Topical Salicylic acid
Azole creams
Topical miconazole or clotrimazole
155
Fungal infection of the scalp, facial, axillary or genital hair
WHITE PIEDRA
156
WHITE PIEDRA fungi
Trichosporon beigelii
157
Soft, white to yellowish nodules loosely attached to the hair occur as a sleeve or collarette around the hair shaft
WHITE PIEDRA
158
Seen as Intertwined septate hyphae, blasto- and arthroconidia in microscopy or as soft, creamy colonies
Trichosporon beigelii
159
Treatment for white piedra
Shaving
| Azole creams
160
cutaneous mycoses
dermatophytosis
161
Infection of the skin, hair or nails caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi, called dermatophytes
cutaneous mycoses
162
genus on hair and skin
Genus microsporum M. canis
| M. gypseum
163
Dermatophytes on skin and nail
Genus epidermophyton
164
epidermophytons
E. floccosum
165
Genus that affects hair, skin and nails
Trichophyton
166
dermatophytes digest keratin by?
keratinases
167
dermatophytes are resistant to?i
cycloheximide
168
dermatophytes that spread from one human body to other
antropophilic (T. rubrum)
169
dermatophytes found in soil
geophilic (M. gypseum)
170
dermatophytes found in animals
zoophilic
171
dermatophytes found in cats and dogs
Microspora canis
172
dermatophytes found found in swine
Microspora nanum
173
dermatophytes found found in horse and swine
Trichophyton verrucosum
174
Transmission mode of dermatophytes
close direct contact
Sharing clothes, combs, brushes, towels, bed sheets (Indirect)
Animal-to-human contact (Zoophilic)
175
True or false. Reinfection is possible in cutaneous mycoses.
True
176
Tinea in bearded areas
Tinea barbae
177
Tinea infection of arms and legs
Tinea corporis
178
Tinea infection of hair
Tinea capitis
179
Tinea infection (Jock itch)
Tinea cruris
180
Tinea infection (Athlete's foot)
Tinea pedis
181
Tinea infection of hand
Tinea manuum
182
Tinea infection of nail
Tinea unguim
183
More common dermatophytes are identified using?
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
184
Atypical isolates if dermatophytes can be further identified by?
species-specific PCR tests
185
develop cylindric, smooth-walled macroconidia and characteristic microconidia
Trichophyton species
186
Appear as cottony to granular
T. mentagrophyte
187
display abundant grape like cluster of spherical microconidia on terminal branches
Trichophyton species
188
Appear as white, cottony surface and a deep red, nondiffusable pigment when viewed from the reverse side of the colony;microconidia are small and piriform (pear-shaped)
Typical colonies of T. rubrum
189
Appear as flat powdery to velvety colony on the obverse surface that becomes reddish-brown on reverse
microconidia are mostly elongate
Trichophyton tonsurans
190
Tend to produce distinctive multicellular macroconidia with echinulate walls
MICROSPORUM
191
Both types of conidia are borne singly in these genera
MICROSPORUM
192
Appear as white cottony surface and a deep yellow color on reverse; the thick-walled, 8-15 celled macroconidia frequently have curved or hooked tips
Microsporum canis
193
Have tan, powdery colony; abundant thin-walled 4-6 celled macroconidia
Microsporum gypseum
194
Produces only macroconidia which are smooth walled, clavate, 2-4-celled and formed in small clusters
EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM
195
Colonies are usually flat and velvety with a tan to olive-green tinge
EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM
196
Crude antigen preparation used to detect Type I and IV hypersensitivity to dermatophytic antigen
Trichophytin
197
Most prevalent of all dermatophytoses
Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)
198
Varieties are the vesicular, ulcerative, and moccasin types, with hyperkeratosis of the sole
Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)
199
When tinea pedis becomes chronic, the primary manifestations are?
peeling and cracking of skin
pain
pruritus
200
Nail infection following tinea pedis
tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
201
dermatophytosis or ringworm of the scalp and hair
Tinea capitis
202
Infection of the hair takes place where?
Just above the hair root
203
M. canis infection peaks when?
Early school years
204
Spores of which tinea species impart a greenish to silvery fluorescence when examined under Wood's light
Tinea Capitis and Tinea Barbae
205
the chief cause of “black dot” tinea capitis produces spores within the hair shaft (endothrix)
T tonsurans
206
In this infection, hairs do not fluoresce; they are weakened and typically break easily at the follicular opening
T tonsurans
207
a severe combined inflammatory and hypersensitivity reaction induced by zoophilic species
kerion
208
another manifestation of tinea capitis; acute inflammatory infection of the hair follicle caused by T schoenleinii, which leads to the formation of scutula (crusts) around the follicle
favus
209
Favus is caused by?
T schoenleinii
210
Favic hairs form spores where?
avic hairs: hyphae do not form spores but can be found within the hair shaft
211
Gray-patch ringworm – communicable, ectothrix infection
(M. audouini / canis)
212
Inflammatory ectothrix infection
T. mentagrophytes - animal origin
213
Black-dot ringworm
T. tonsurans
214
Fungating exophytic masses (kerions)
(T. tonsurans)
| Favus infections
215
Favus infections agents
T. schoenleini
| T. violaceum
216
Common among farm workers
Tinea barbae
217
Agent of Tinea barbae
T. mentagrophytes
218
allergic manifestations elsewhere on the body (usually vesicles; often on the hands) due to hypersensitivity to constituents or products of the fungus; developed in the course of dermatophytosis
Dermatophytids
219
In skin or nails: regardless of the infecting species, branching hyphae or chains of ____ are seen
arthroconidia (arthrospores)
220
produce arthroconidia inside the hair shaft (endothrix)
Trichophyton tonsurans and T violaceum
221
Identification of dermatophyte species requires cultures inoculated onto inhibitory mold agar or Sabouraud’s agar slants containing _______________ to suppress mold and bacterial growth
cycloheximide and chloramphenicol
222
Upon microscopy, the results are fusiform macroconidium, (+) microconidium
Microsporum
223
Upon microscopy, the results are clavate macroconidium, (-) microconidium
epidermophyton
224
Upon microscopy, the results are few cylcindrical/clavate/fusiform macroconidium and () single or clustered microconidium
trichophyton
225
Colony morphology:
Cottony or wooly
Pigment: Lemon-yellow around growing periphery or underside of the colony
M. canis
226
Sugary or granular colony
| Pigments: Cinnamon brown to buff
M. gypseum
227
Fluffy, granular colony, with pigments that are less intense than T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes
228
With burgundy red pigment
T. rubrum
229
Colony: Flat, granular rugose with folds radiating outward from center
Pigment: Buff to tan brown
T. tonsurans
230
Colony: Suede , gentle folds
Pigment: khaki or green yellow
E. floccosum
231
(+) Multicelled with thick rough walls macroconidium, with unevenly dispersed, generally oval or elliptical, NO distinguishing morphologic features microconidium
GENUS MICROSPORUM
232
Barrel or spindle shaped
Multicelled
Pointed and slightly turned to one side at the tip
Macroconidia
M. canis
233
Less barrel shaped with rounded tips
| Features not always clear cut macroconidia
M. gypseum
234
Macroconidia:
Typically absent or present only in small numbers
Elongated and pencil shaped
Multi-celled , thin smooth walls
MICROCONIDIA
o Small, regular sized
o Abundant
GENUS TRICHOPHYTON
235
Microconidia
Cluster in grapelike masses ( en grappe)
Spiral hyphae may also be seen
T. mentagrophytes
236
Macroconidia
Uncommon
If (+) –pencil shaped
Thin smooth walls
T. rubrum
237
Tear shaped, regular in size
| Distributed on either side of the hyphal strands ( bird on the fence appearance)
T. rubrum
238
```
Macroconidia : NEVER seen
Microconidia
Elongated, club shaped or
Large balloon shaped forms
Admixed with the smaller oval or tear- shaped
```
T. tonsurans
239
```
MACROCONIDIA
o Club shaped
o (+) 3-5 cells
o Thin smooth walls
o Cluster in groups of 3 or 4
o Chlamydoconidia typically present in older cultures
```
MICROCONIDIA : ABSENT
GENUS EPIDERMOPHYTON
240
Physiologic tests for dermatophytes
1. In vitro hair perforation test
2. Special amino acid and vitamin requirements
3. Urea hydrolysis
4. Growth on BCP-milk solids-glucose medium
5. Growth on polished rice grains
6. Temperature tolerance and enhancement
241
If microscopic morphology not distinct, perform :
UREASE
| HAIR BAITING TEST
242
Convert urea to red color within 1-2 days
T. mentagrophytes
243
Faint red color after 5 days
T. rubrum
244
Invade shaft within 7-10 days conical shaped holes in hair baiting test
T. mentagrophytes
245
Non-invasive in hair baiting test
T. rubrum
246
Treatment for hair infection by Interfering with the mitotic spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules
Griseofulvin
247
In acute phase of foot infection, what is the treatment?
soak in KMnO4 1:5000 until acute inflammation subsides then apply antifungal
248
In chronic phase of foot infection, what is the treatment?
Chronic phase: AM – powder; PM – cream
249
Scalp infections are treated for several weeks with oral administration of?
griseofulvin or terbinafine
250
Most effective drugs for Tinea Corporis, Tinea Pedis, and Related Infections
itraconazole and terbinafine
251
For troublesome cases of Tinea Corporis, Tinea Pedis, and Related Infections a short course of oral ____ can be administered
griseofulvin
252
Treatment of tinea unguium
oral itraconazole or terbinafine as well as surgical removal of the nail
253
Most superficial and cutaneous fungal infections are caused by species of?
Malassezia, dermatophytes, or Candida
254
The growth of dermatophytes is inhibited by ___ accounting for the reason why they are not invasive.
serum and body temperature
255
usually cause relatively mild, chronic lesions that may require months or years of treatment and frequently recu
Anthropophilic dermatophytes
