Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gabe's Locomotor > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Which domain do fungi belong to?

A

Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What distinguishes fungi from plants?

A

There lack of chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 different classifications of fungi?

A

Unicellular (yeasts)

Filamentous (moulds)

Dimorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of unicellular fungi (yeasts)?

A

Facultative anaerobes

Reproduce asexually by budding

Produce colonies on agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of filamentous fungi (moulds)?

A

Aerobes

Reproduce by conidia (asexual spores)

Produce mycelia on agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the appearance of yeast cells in a Gram stain?

A

Look like Gram positive cocci, but they’re much bigger.

They also undergo budding, which isn’t present in bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the appearance of yeast cells on blood agar?

A

Look like non-haemolytic streptococcus due to the small colonies, but you can tell them apart because of the yeasty smell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does penicillium spp. appear on agar?

A

As a filamentous fungus with hyphae and conidia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which dye is used to visualise penicillium spp. grown on agar?

A

Cotton blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are conidia involved in?

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is penicillium spp. a yeast or a mould?

A

Mould

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false: most fungi are saprophytes.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are dimorphic fungi best adapted to grow in tissues?

A

Because they can grow as filamentous fungi in the environment and as yeast when they invade – can switch and grow at 37 degrees, unlike most fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum found?

A

In caves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of a fungus is histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Dimorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which fungi are primary pathogens?

A

Dimorphic fungi

Dermatophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of a fungi is ringworm?

A

Dermatophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between dermatophytes and agents of subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Agents of subcutaneous mycoses are low grade pathogens, but anyone can get infected by them.

Innoculated directly into skin, cf. Dermatophytes grow on the skin (love keratin) that don’t invade deeply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which fungi can cause deforming lesions, e.g. on feet?

A

Agents of subcutaneous mycoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which fungi give the biggest problems in medicine?

A

Opportunists, due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of fungi are the poisonous mushrooms?

A

Toxic fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do toxic fungi produce?

A

Toxins, e.g. aflatoxin (potentially carcinogenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which common disease to the dermatophytes cause?

A

Tinea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do different species of dermatophytes prefer?

A

Different hosts and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do dermatophytes often cause infections in humans?

A

No

Rarely cause infections of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do dermatophytes live off?

A

Live off shed things, like hair and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do human-specific dermatophytes grow?

A

In hair and release by-products, which we react to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is ringworm’s proper name?

A

Tinea corporis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In which order do ringworm lesions heal?

A

From the inside and spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does scaling in tinea result from?

A

The patient reacting to the metabolites created by the dermatophyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is tinea cruris?

A

Near the groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is tinea pedis?

A

Feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is tinea capitis?

A

Scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is tinea unguium?

A

Nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is mycetoma also known as?

A

Maduromycosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two types of mycetoma (maduromycosis)?

A

Bacterial and fungal

37
Q

What is bacterial mycetoma called?

A

Actinomycetoma

38
Q

What is an example of a bacterial mycetoma?

A

Nocardia spp.

39
Q

What does Nocardia spp. cause?

A

Actinomycetoma

40
Q

True or false: only actinomycetes will cause actinomycetoma.

A

True

41
Q

What is fungal mycetoma also referred to as?

A

Eumycetoma

42
Q

Which species will cause fungal mycetoma (eumyctoma)?

A

Madurella spp.

43
Q

What is special about mycetoma (maduromycosis)?

A

One of the few conditions than can be caused by a bacterium or a fungus, important because bacteria and fungi are susceptible to totally different antimicrobials – there’s no overlap.

44
Q

Why can’t we use antibiotics that kill both bacteria and fungi?

A

Because they’ll also kill us because they have low selective toxicity

45
Q

What is characteristic of mycetomas?

A

Sulphur granules and yellow discharge

46
Q

What is present in the sulphur granules of mycetomas?

A

Inflammatory cells

47
Q

What kind of bacteria are present in the actinomycetoma granules?

A

Branching bacteria

48
Q

What is present in the eumycetoma granules?

A

Filaments and hyphae with septa between the hyphae cells

49
Q

What are some examples of subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Mycetoma

Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis)

Phaeohyphomycosis

50
Q

What are some examples of opportunistic mycoses?

A

Candidiasis (Candida albicans)

Cryptococcosis

Aspergillosis

51
Q

What causes candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans

52
Q

What are the 3 different types of candidiasis infections?

A

Mucocutaneous candidiasis

Chronic mucocutaneous

Systemic

53
Q

What is mucocutaneous candidiases?

A

Infection of the mucous membranes and skin (often both)

54
Q

What group of people get chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

People who have specific but different kinds of immune defects that don’t allow them to get rid of candida, so when they get infected, it becomes chronic.

55
Q

What is systemic candidiasis?

A

The fungus invades, causes septicaemia and is often fatal

56
Q

What group of peoples is systemic candidiasis often seen in?

A

Neonates

Patients with advanced immunodeficiency, e.g. severe AIDS

57
Q

What are the 2 agents that cause cryptococcus in humans?

A

C. neoformans

C. gattii

58
Q

What is the most common cause of cryptococcus in humans?

A

C. neoformans

59
Q

Which diseases will cryptococcus cause?

A

Pulmonary infection

Meningitis

60
Q

How does the fungus enter the system in pulmonary infections involving cryptococcus?

A

Inhaled

61
Q

What is cryptococcal meningitis synonymous with?

A

Fungal meningitis

62
Q

What is cryptococcus’ relationship with AIDS?

A

Cryptococcal infection is an AIDS-defining illness

63
Q

How does cryptococcal meningitis present?

A

Insidious, people complain of headaches, but if nothing is done it will kill the person

64
Q

What feature of cryptococcus contributes to its virulence?

A

Massive capsule

65
Q

What do the bacteria that cause meningitis have in common?

A

They are all encapsulated

66
Q

How does aspergillosis occur?

A

Grows as a saprophyte in the tissue by infecting a pre-existing cavity (e.g. from cavitating TB) after being inhaled.

67
Q

How will aspergillosis in a patient who has had cavitating TB appear on X-ray?

A

It will look like cancer in the apex of the lung

68
Q

How do you know if the treatment for the infection is working?

A

Using antigen detection (latex agglutination)

If antigen is going down, treatment is working.

69
Q

What does intact cell mass spectroscopy (IC-MS) detect?

A

Unique biomarkers or patterns in whole bacteria or fungi

70
Q

What are the anti-fungal chemotherapy drug classes used to treat systemically?

A

Polyenes

Triazoles

Echinoandins

5-fluorocytosine

71
Q

What is an example of a polyene used for systemic chemotherapy treatment?

A

Amphotericin B

72
Q

What is an example of a triazole used for systemic chemotherapy treatment?

A

Fluconazole (1st gen)

Voriconazole (2nd gen)

73
Q

What is an example of a echinocandin used for systemic chemotherapy treatment?

A

Capsofungin

74
Q

What are the topical anti-fungal chemotherapies?

A

Polyenes e.g. nystatin

Imidazoles e.g. clotrimazole

75
Q

What are the 2 targets of anti-fungals?

A

Ergosterol

Nucleic acids

76
Q

What is the ergosterol?

A

Found in cytoplasmic membrane of fungi (like cholesterol in our membranes)

77
Q

What effect do polyenes have on ergosterol?

A

Affect integrity - bind with higher affinity to ergosterol than cholesterol, but also bind cholesterol – these are the best antifungals available.

78
Q

What effect do allylamines, triazoles, morpholines have on ergosterol?

A

Affect ergosterol synthesis

79
Q

What is the MoA of 5-fluorocytosine?

A

Affects DNA and RNA synthesis

80
Q

Can humans be affected by 5-fluorocytosine?

A

No

Humans can’t activate the drug, but fungi can.

81
Q

What is used to treat Candida spp.?

A

Fluconazole

Amphotericin B

Caspofungin

82
Q

What is used to treat cryptococcus?

A

Amphotericin B

5-fluorocytosine

83
Q

What is used to treat aspergillus?

A

Voriconazole

Amphotericin B

84
Q

What is used to treat dimorphic fungi?

A

Amphotericin B

85
Q

What doesn’t treatment of dermatophytosis require?

A

Amphotericin B

86
Q

What is a non-specific treatment of dermatophytosis?

A

Reduce fungal load

87
Q

What are the 3 topical treatments for dermatophytosis?

A

Terbinafine (“Lamisil”)

Clotrimazole (“Canesten”)

Amorolfine (“Loceryl”)

88
Q

When is treatment of dermatophytosis with oral medications done?

A

Only if it’s difficult to treat topically or is widely disseminated - also in the nails

89
Q

What are the 3 oral treatments for dermatophytosis?

A

Terbinafine

Fluconazole

Griseofulvin

Gabe's Locomotor (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions