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Microbiology FPP > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What is mycology

A

Study of fungi

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2
Q

What is mycoses

A

Fungal infection

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3
Q

Example of mycotoxin

A

aflatoxin of Aspergillus flavus

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4
Q

What kind of organisms are fungi

A

heterotrophic eukaryotes

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5
Q

What are fungi morphologically divided into

A

yeast (single-celled) and filamentous (mold) forms.

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6
Q

What kind of organisms are fungi ( feeding wise)

A

Sacrophytic

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7
Q

Difference between fungal membrane and human membrane

A

Fungal cell contain ergosterol, while mammalian cells contain cholesterol.

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8
Q

What exposes human to a likelihood of infection if they’re immunosuppressed, or if the fungal burden is large

A

Inhaling spores or small yeast cells

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9
Q

How many fungal species are said to be in existence, and how many account for human infections?

A

5 million species, are said to be in existent and approximately 300 infecting humans

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10
Q

What is the fungal cell wall made up of?

A

chitin, mannan and both alpha- and β-glucans.

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11
Q

Size of fungi

A

4 um——-10um

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12
Q

What is the site of action of antifungal drugs, amphtericin B & azole group

A

Ergosterol

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13
Q

What are the he main fungal pathogens responsible for the majority cases of serious fungal disease.

A

•Aspergillus,
•Candida,
•Cryptococcus species,
•Pneumocystis jirovecii,
•endemic dimorphic fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Talaromyces marneffei

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14
Q

Which fungal infections are always lethal unless diagnosed and treated early and correctly.

A

• Cryptococcal meningitis,
•pneumocystis pneumonia, and
•disseminated histoplasmosis

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15
Q

What types of organisms are fungi
In terms of obligatory and facultative

A

Most fungi are obligatory aerobes, some are facultative anaerobes, but none are obligatory anaerobes.

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16
Q

What’s the natural habitat of fungi

A

Natural habitat is the environment except for Candida spp which is part normal flora of humans

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17
Q

What are Common immunosuppression that predispose to mycoses

A

Cancers, cancer treatments, stem cell and solid organ transplant , HIV/AIDS, long term steroid use

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18
Q

What are the types of fungi according to morphology

A

Filamentous fungi (molds)
Yeasts
Yeast-like fungi
Dimorphic fungi

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19
Q

What is the basic morphological feature of filamentous fungi

A

long branching filaments or hyphae, which intertwine to produce a mass of filaments or mycelium

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20
Q

Describe the colonies of filamentous fungi

A

Colonies are strongly adherent to the medium and unlike most bacterial colonies cannot be emulsified in water

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21
Q

What are the types of hyphae

A

septate or non septate

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22
Q

Describe the filamentous fungal colonies

A

strongly adherent to the medium and unlike most bacterial colonies cannot be emulsified in water

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23
Q

What aid the diagnostics of filamentous fungi

A

Their colony on agar aids their diagnosis by their appearance and pigments produced

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24
Q

How do yeasts reproduce

A

formation of buds known as blastospores

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25
Describe the yeast colonies
Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance and in consistency (can me emulsified by water?)
26
Describe yeast
These occur in the form of round or oval bodies which reproduce by the formation of buds known as blastospores. They are also called budding yeast, with daughter cells attached
27
What are dimorphic fungi
Molds in the environment (saprophytic phase) 25-27C Yeast in the body (parasitic phase) 37C They are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold[1] and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature
28
What’s the difference between yeast and molds
Yeast are unicellular and reproduce by budding Molds are multicellular and reproduce by spore formation
29
Examples of dimorphic fungi
Histoplasma carpsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis Coccidioidis immidis
30
What are the types of mycoses (fungal infection)
•Superficial •Subcutaneous •Systemic •Opportunistic
31
Examples of subcutenous fungal infections
• Sporothrix schenkii (Sporotrichosis) • Mycetoma •Chromomycosis
32
Biological tests for fungi
Germ tube test Urease test Sporulation test Water bait test
33
What test differentiates candida and cryptococci
Urease test
34
Function of water bait test
To identify phytophthora and pythium in water
35
What are the different agar cultures used to grow fungi
Brain heart infusion medium Malt extract agar Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
36
What is chitin
A polysaccharide composed of long chains of N-acetylglucosamine.
37
What other polysaccharides other than chitin are present in the fungal cell
β-glucan, a long polymer of D-glucose.
38
In what form do fungus exist
Most fungi exist saprophytically (depending on dead organic matter), while some others are parasitic (depending of living organisms)
39
Examples of filamentous ( mold like ) fungi
Mucor, Rhizopus
40
Examples of yeast like fungi
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
41
I’m what form of fungi is mycelium seen
Molds (Filamentous fungi)
42
How does mycelium grow
grows by branching and tip elongation.
43
What are the two forms of hyphens in molds
Septate and non septate
44
What helps with the diagnosis of molds
Their colony on agar aids their diagnosis by their appearance and pigments produced
45
What for yeast colonies resemble
Yeasts colonies resemble bacterial colonies in appearance and in consistency
46
•what s the principal means by which fungi reproduce
Sporulation
47
What are the two forms of aporulation
Sexual and asexual sporulation
48
What is asexual sporulation
Asexual spores (conidia) are formed by mitosis in or on specialized hyphae (conidiophores)
49
Why can conidia become air borne
Because they are easily detached from their underlying mycelia, conidia can become airborne and, therefore, are a major source of fungal infection
50
4 examples of conidia
•***Arthrospores,*** which arise by fragmentation of the ends of hyphae and are the mode of transmission of Coccidioides immitis; ***•Chlamydospores***, which are rounded, thick-walled, and quite resistant •***Blastospores,*** which are formed by the budding process (some yeasts, e.g., C. Albicans, can form multiple buds that do not detach, thus producing sausagelike chains called pseudohyphae, which can be used for identification) ***•Sporangiospores***, which are formed within a sac (sporangium) on a stalk by molds such as Rhizopus and Mucor
51
What is sexual sporulation
Some fungi reproduce sexually by mating and forming sexual spores (e.g., zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores).
52
What’s a zygospore
Zygospores are single large spores with thick walls;
53
What are ascospores
ascospores are formed in a sac called ascus,
54
What are basidiospores
basidiospores are formed externally on the tip of a pedestal called a basidium.
55
Examples of sexual spores
zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
56
What are the lab identification of fungi
•Direct microscopic examination, •Culture of the organism •DNA probe tests •Serologic Tests
57
What does direct examination of fungi depend on
•It depends on finding characteristic asexual spores, hyphae, or yeasts in the light microscope
58
How is the fungal specimen prepped for a direct examination
The specimen is either treated with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) to dissolve tissue material, leaving the alkali-resistant fungi intact, or stained with special fungal stains.
59
What agar is fungi cultured on
Sabouraud’s agar,
60
How does Sabouraud’s agar work in the culture of fungi
It facilitates the appearance of the slow-growing fungi by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the specimen •The appearance of the mycelium and the nature of the asexual spores are frequently sufficient to identify the organism
61
what is cutenous fungal infection also called
dermatophytoses
62
What are dermatophytes
The cause cutenous fungal infection They fall into three genera, each with many species: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum
63
What are the three genera of dermatophytes
Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum
64
What are subcutaneous fungal infections
Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and bone. ***Examples are Sporotrichosis***
65
What kind of people do fungi infect
immunicompromised
66
Examples of systemic mycoses
Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis
67
What are opportunistic mycoses
Opportunistic mycoses afflict debilitated or immunocompromised individuals but are rare in healthy individual
68
Examples of opportunistic mycoses
Candidiasis and cryptococcosis.

Microbiology FPP (4 decks)

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