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MYCOBACTERIA Flashcards

1
Q

Non-motile, non-spore forming slender, slightly curved or straight, rod shaped organisms that have tendency to clump

A

MYCOBACTERIA

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2
Q

What is the reason why mycobacterial cells resist stains with
commonly used basic aniline dyes, such as those used in the Gram stain, at room temperature?

A

They have an extremely high lipid content

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3
Q

True or false:

  1. Mycobacteria take up dye with increased staining time or
    application of heat.
  2. Mycobacteria does not resist decolorization with
    acid-ethanol
A

2nd statement false - Mycobacteria has an acid fastness characteristic (AFB)

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4
Q

a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures

A

Acid-Fast Bacteria (AFB)

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5
Q

What is the positive and negative result of acid fast staining?

A

Positive: red
Negative: blue

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6
Q

True or false:

  1. Mycobacteria are strictly aerobic (needs oxygen)
  2. Some mycobacteria species need increased
    carbon dioxide (CO2) to enhance growth
A

Both are true

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7
Q

What are the 4 Mycobacterium species that are a common causes of infections?

A

TU-B-U-L
1. M. tuberculosis
2. M. bovis
3. M. ulcerans
4. M. leprae

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8
Q

What strains of Mycobacterium particularly causes tuberculosis to humans and animals? (MTB Complex)

A

MT-B-A-C-M

  1. M. tuberculosis
  2. M. bovis
  3. M. africanum
  4. M. canettii
  5. M. microti
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9
Q

It is usually a disease of the respiratory tract

A

Tuberculosis

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10
Q

These are acquired from persons with active disease that excretes viable bacilli by coughing, sneezing or talking.

A

Tubercle bacilli (common name of MTB)

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11
Q

True or false:

  1. Hard tubercle or granuloma can’t be formed if you have MTB
  2. The granuloma is an organization of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and capillaries.
A

False 1st statement - you can form ganuloma if you have a TB

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12
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis of TB?

A

Positive PPD skin test - redness of skin

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13
Q

What is the meaning of PPD?

A

Purified Protein Derivative

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14
Q

refers to the seeding of many organs
outside the pulmonary tree with AFB through
hematogenous spread (seeding/planting during bloodstream looked like millet seeds)

A

Miliary TB

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15
Q

an unexplained pleural effusion (fluid build up) with
mononuclear pleurocytosis (inflammation), manifests as cough,
fever, and chest pain, resembling the presentation
of bacterial pneumonia

A

Pleurisy

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16
Q

What are other diseases caused by EPTB?

A. Lymphadenitis
B. Genitourinary TB
C. Chronic Kidney Disease
D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
E. Pott disease
F. Meningitis

A

A (Lymphadenitis) - lymph nodes swelling
B (Genitourinary TB) - calcified kidney
E (Pott disease) - TB of the spine
F (Meningitis) - CNS

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17
Q

This examination usually reveals an elevated protein level, decreased
glucose level, and a predominance of lymphocytes

A

CSF exam (cerebrospinal fluid)

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18
Q

What are the 3 pathogenicity of Tuberculosis?

A
  1. Primary TB
  2. Secondary TB
  3. Disseminated or Extrapulmonary TB
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19
Q

True or false:

  1. Colonies of MTB does not resemble a raised, dry, rough appearance
  2. Colonies of MTB are pigmented and red
A

Both are false

  1. It is described as cauliflower like appearance which resembles a raised, dry, rough appearance
  2. They are buff-colored (pale yellow)
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20
Q

It is the ability of MTB to attach to one another

A

Cord factor

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21
Q

type of MTB primarily in cattle but also in other ruminants, as well as in dogs, cats, swine, parrots, and
humans.

A

M. bovis

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22
Q

What are the treatments for MTB?

A

Quadruple therapy: RIPE
1. Rifampicin
2. Isoniazid
3. Pyrazinamide
4. Ethambutol

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23
Q

This treatment for TB interferes with DNA synthesis and inhibits the mycotic acid. Main killer of bacteria!

A

Isoniazid

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24
Q

This treatment of TB empty stomach and targets DNA dependent polymerase. It produces RED color/dark urine. prevents RESISTANCE

A

Rifampicin

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25
This treatment of TB minimizes the relapse, and helps shorten the treatment.
Pyrazinamide
26
This target the mycotic acid of organism and stops bacteria from growing and becoming resistant.
Ethambutol
27
It is the first antibiotic to treat TB but is now rarely used in standard treatment due to less resistance
Streptomycin
28
They ensure the patient's compliance to drug regimen.
DOTS (Direct Observe Treatment Shortcourse)
29
What are the two types of Drug-Resistant TB?
1. MDR-TB 2. XDR-TB
30
It is a resistance to INH and Rifampin (2 best TB drugs). Requires a stronger secondary drugs.
MDR-TB (Multidrug-Resistant TB)
31
Treatment is combinations of several drugs as it is much harder to treat. Resistant to: INH RMP Fluoroquinolones 1 second-line drugs
XDR-TB (Extensive Drug Resistance TB)
32
It is an atypical mycobacteria or **Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT)**
NTM (Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria)
33
True or False: 1. NTM are chronic pulmonary disease resembling TB. 2. NTM are transmissible from person to person
2nd statement False: NTM are non-transmissible but AIDS contributed to incidence to ntm disease due to weakened immunity and vulnerability
34
What are the Runyon Classification of NTM?
Groups: 1. Photochromogens 2. Scotochromogens 3. Nonphotochromogens 4. Rapid Growers
35
NTM colonies that develop pigment on **light exposure** after being grown in the dark. Take **longer than 7 days** to appear.
Photochromogens
36
NTM colonies that develop pigment in the **dark or light**. Take **longer than 7 days** to appear.
Scotochromogens
37
NTM colonies that are **nonpigmented** regardless of light/dark exposure. Take **longer than 7 days** to appear.
Nonphotochromogens
38
NTM colonies that grow on solid media **less than 7 days**
Rapid growers
39
What are the two main bacteria of **Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC)**?
M. avium M. intracellulare
40
NTM that are **environmental saprophytes (feeds on decaying materials)** and have been recovered from soil, water, house dust, and other environmental sources
Mycobacterium Avium Complex
41
It is an NTM that cause a disease in poultry and swine - Zoonotic
M. avium
42
The cells of this NTM are short, coccobacillary, and uniformly stained, without beading or banding. No attachment from one another.
MAC (Mycobacterium Avium Complex)
43
an NTM that is a causative agent of **Johne disease**, an intestinal infection occurring as a chronic diarrhea in cattle, sheep, goats, and other ruminants.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
44
True or false: 1. MAV has a very fast growth rate 2. Needs mycobactin-supplemented (iron-binding, to help produce iron) medium for primary isolation.
1st statement false: MAV grows 3 to 4 months (slow grower)
45
An NTM type cause disseminated infections in **patients with AIDS**. Causes enteritis, genital and soft tissue infections.
Mycobacterium genavense
46
This NTM have clinical manifestations of: Submandibular lymphadenitis Subcutaneous nodules Painful swellings Ulcers progressing to abscesses
M. haemophilum
47
What is the unique characteristic of M. **haemophilum**?
It needs **hemoglobin or hemin** to grow therefore it is usually seen in blood
48
What s the optimal growth of M. haemophilum?
28C to 32C
49
The strains of this NTM have been **isolated from water** and infections are not normally considered contagious from person to person
M. kansasii
50
True or false: 1. M. kansasii is also known as yellow bacillus 2. M. kansasii is a multidrug regimen of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol is currently recommended
Both are true
51
The colonies of M. kansasii when prolonged to light exposure causes pigmentation. What is responsible for this, and what pigment is formed?
B-carotene; yellow color
52
True or false: 1. M.kansasii is photochromogenic 2. M. kansasii has short rods with no crossbanding
2nd statement is false: M.kansasii has long rods with crossbanding
53
This mycobacterium causes chronic pulmonary disease and cervical lymphadenitis to any age group
Mycobacterium malmoense
54
It causes cervical lymphadenitis **in children**
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
55
NTM isolated from the lymph nodes of monkeys
M.simiae
56
rare cause of mycobacteriosis, also referred to as Buruli ulcer
M. ulcerans
57
An NTM that has been implicated in diseases of fish and isolated from aquariums
M. marinum
58
Cutaneous infections of this bacteria in humans occur when traumatized skin comes into **contact with salt water or inadequately chlorinated fresh water** containing the organism
M. marinum
59
This mycobacteria is recovered from **hot and cold-water taps** (including water storage tanks of hospitals). Also a common cause of pulmonary infection in adults
M. xenopi
60
What are the bacteria complex of Mycobacterium chelonae-m.abscessus group?
1. M. abscessus subsp. abscessus 2. M. chelonae 3. M. fortuitim
61
This rapidly growing specie have been associated with a variety of infections of the skin, lungs, bone, central nervous system, and **prosthetic heart valves**
M. chelonae
62
This rapidly growing specie is seen in patients with **cystic fibrosis**
M. abscessus
63
Tap water is an important reservoir for this rapidly growing species
M.chelonae-M.abscessus group
64
What are the bacterial complex of M. fortuitum group?
1. M.fortuitum 2. M. peregrinum 3. Unnamed third species
65
This rapidly growing group have been isolated from water, soil, and dust. Grow after 1 to 2 days in Middlebrook 7H11
M. fortuitum group
66
What are the bacteria complex of M. smegmatis group?
M. smegmatis M. goodie
67
this rapidly growing specia has been implicated in rare cases of pulmonary, skin, soft tissue, and bone infections
M. smegmatis
68
A rapidly growing mycobacteria that is a causative agent of Hansen disease (leprosy), an infection of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
M.leprae
69
What are the 2 major forms of leprosy disease?
1. Tuberculoid leprosy 2, Lepromatous leprosy
70
Symptoms of this leprosy include skin lesions and nerve involvement that can produce areas with loss of sensation
Tuberculoid leprosy
71
patients of this leprosy if untreated, is life-threatening
Lepromatous leprosy

BACTE MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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