my weakest areas Flashcards
extraneous variable v confounding variable
extraneous: any variable other than IV that may cause unwanted effect on DV.
confounding: variable that was not controlled for and has directly and systematically affected DV.
accuracy
how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.
precision
how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.
systematic errors v random errors
systematic: differ from true value by a consistent amount.
random: differ from true value unsystematically.
repeatability v reproducibility
repeat: extent study produces same results under identical conditions.
reproduce: extent study produces same results under different conditions.
internal validity v external validity
internal: extent to which study truly measures what it claims to
external: extent to which the study’s results can be applied in other contexts
ethical concepts
beneficence: max benefits, min risks
integrity: honest reporting
justice: consideration of others, equality
non-maleficence: avoiding harm
respect: respect of welfare, beliefs and autonomy
ethical guidelines
confidentiality: participant privacy
informed consent: consent
use of deception: deception must be consented to, debriefing of deception must occur
debriefing: post-study care
voluntary participation: no pressure on participants
withdrawal rights: right to stop involvement at any time
physiological responses of sympathetic nervous system
- increased heart rate
- increased breathing rate
- pupil dilation
- adrenal glands secrete stress hormones
- sweat glands activated
- digestion stops
- bladder relaxes
- body releases glucose
physiological responses of parasympathetic nervous system
- heart beats normally
- airways constrict
- pupils constrict
- sweat glands regulated
- digestion normal
- bladder constricts
dopamine v serotonin
dopamine: voluntary motor movements, pleasure, reward-based learning.
serotonin: regulation of mood and sleep.
what happens in primary and secondary appraisals? (lazarus and folkmans)
primary: stimuli is assessed first whether it is benign-positive/irrelevant/stressful, and then whether it is harm-loss/threat/challenge.
secondary: coping resources available are assessed as either adequate or inadequate
context-specific effectiveness
coping strategy is appropriate for unique demands of stressor.
coping flexibility
ability to adjust coping strategy depending on unique + changing demands of stressor.
three phases of operant conditioning
antecedent: stimulus that precedes behaviour.
behaviour: voluntary actions in presence of antecedent.
consequence: outcome of behaviour
types of consequences in operant conditioning
positive = add stimulus
negative = remove stimulus
reinforcement = increase behaviour
punishment = decrease behaviour
5 stages of observational learning
attention: actively focus
retention: mental representation
reproduction: physical and mental capabilities
motivation: desire
reinforcement: consequence that increases likelihood of repeating behaviour
first nation’s australians approaches to learning
- story sharing
- learning maps
- non-verbal
- symbols and images
- land links
- non-linear
- deconstruct/reconstruct
- community links
sensory memory
function: stores raw info detected by senses
capacity: unlimited
duration: 0.2 - 4 seconds
short-term memory
function: temporarily stores info that is consciously being attended to
capacity: 5-9 items
duration: 18 - 30 seconds
long-term memory
function: potentially unlimited amount of information stored for relatively permanent amount of time.
capacity: unlimited
duration: unlimited
explicit memory v implicit memory
explicit: consciously retrieved memories (semantic, episodic)
implicit: unconsciously retrieved memories (procedural)
semantic memory
factual and declarative memory.
episodic memory
personal experiences and events.
procedural memory
carrying out tasks via motor skills.
role of hippocampus
encoding explicit memories, retrieving episodic memories
role of amygdala
encoding emotional content (both implicit and explicit)
role of neocortex
stores expilit memories long-term.
role of basal ganglia
habitual learning. plays role in procedural memory via interactions with neocortex and cerebellum
role of cerebellum
plays role in procedural memory via interactions with basal ganglia and cerebellum.
autobiographical event v possible imagined future
autobiographical: personally lived experience
imagined future: hypothetical situation
alzheimer’s disease
- neurodegenerative disease
- decrease cognitive functions, personality change, changes in mood, difficulty with language.
- lesions in the hippocampus located
- amyloid plaques, fragments of protein beta-amyloid
- neurofibrillary tangles, accumulation of protein tau
first nation’s australian’s mnemonics
sung narratives: stories shared through song
songlines: performances like maps
stages of NREM
1: light sleep, loses awareness of surroundings
2: “truly” asleep, still relatively light
3: deep sleep
EEG in different stages of sleep
REM: high freq, low ampl
NREM1: high freq, low ampl
NREM2: medium freq, medium ampl
NREM3: low freq, high ampl
maintaining sleep-wake cycle via SCN
- SCN recieves internal and external cues
- SCN sends neural signals to pineal gland to produce melatonin
- pineal gland releases melatonin into bloodstream, promoting feelings of relaxation and calm
sleep across the lifespan
neonatal: 50rem 50nrem (16h)
infancy: 35rem 65nrem (13.5h)
childhood: 20rem 80nrem (11h)
adolescence: 20rem 80nrem (9h)
young adult: 20rem 80nrem (8h)
middle adult: 20rem 80nrem (7h)
old age: 20rem 80nrem (6h)
ABC effects of sleep deprivation
affective: changes in emotions and emotional responses
behavioural: changes in actions and ability to control them
cogntive: changes in mental processes
sleep hygiene
practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns. eg, time, sound, light, comfort, tech, association, food, exercise.
zeitgebers
external cues that influence the circadian rhythm
- light
- temperature
- nutrition/hydration
SEWB framework for first nation’s australians
- connection to body
- connection to mind and emotions
- connection to family and kinship
- connection to community
- connection to culture
- connection to country
- country to spirituality and ancestors
