my weakest areas

Question 1

extraneous variable v confounding variable

Answer 1

extraneous: any variable other than IV that may cause unwanted effect on DV.
confounding: variable that was not controlled for and has directly and systematically affected DV.

Question 2

accuracy

Answer 2

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured.

Question 3

precision

Answer 3

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.

Question 4

systematic errors v random errors

Answer 4

systematic: differ from true value by a consistent amount.
random: differ from true value unsystematically.

Question 5

repeatability v reproducibility

Answer 5

repeat: extent study produces same results under identical conditions.
reproduce: extent study produces same results under different conditions.

Question 6

internal validity v external validity

Answer 6

internal: extent to which study truly measures what it claims to
external: extent to which the study’s results can be applied in other contexts

Question 7

ethical concepts

Answer 7

beneficence: max benefits, min risks
integrity: honest reporting
justice: consideration of others, equality
non-maleficence: avoiding harm
respect: respect of welfare, beliefs and autonomy

Question 8

ethical guidelines

Answer 8

confidentiality: participant privacy
informed consent: consent
use of deception: deception must be consented to, debriefing of deception must occur
debriefing: post-study care
voluntary participation: no pressure on participants
withdrawal rights: right to stop involvement at any time

Question 9

physiological responses of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

• increased heart rate
• increased breathing rate
• pupil dilation
• adrenal glands secrete stress hormones
• sweat glands activated
• digestion stops
• bladder relaxes
• body releases glucose

Question 10

physiological responses of parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

• heart beats normally
• airways constrict
• pupils constrict
• sweat glands regulated
• digestion normal
• bladder constricts

Question 11

dopamine v serotonin

Answer 11

dopamine: voluntary motor movements, pleasure, reward-based learning.
serotonin: regulation of mood and sleep.

Question 12

what happens in primary and secondary appraisals? (lazarus and folkmans)

Answer 12

primary: stimuli is assessed first whether it is benign-positive/irrelevant/stressful, and then whether it is harm-loss/threat/challenge.
secondary: coping resources available are assessed as either adequate or inadequate

Question 13

context-specific effectiveness

Answer 13

coping strategy is appropriate for unique demands of stressor.

Question 14

coping flexibility

Answer 14

ability to adjust coping strategy depending on unique + changing demands of stressor.

Question 15

three phases of operant conditioning

Answer 15

antecedent: stimulus that precedes behaviour.
behaviour: voluntary actions in presence of antecedent.
consequence: outcome of behaviour

Question 16

types of consequences in operant conditioning

Answer 16

positive = add stimulus
negative = remove stimulus
reinforcement = increase behaviour
punishment = decrease behaviour

Question 17

5 stages of observational learning

Answer 17

attention: actively focus
retention: mental representation
reproduction: physical and mental capabilities
motivation: desire
reinforcement: consequence that increases likelihood of repeating behaviour

Question 18

first nation’s australians approaches to learning

Answer 18

• story sharing
• learning maps
• non-verbal
• symbols and images
• land links
• non-linear
• deconstruct/reconstruct
• community links

Question 19

sensory memory

Answer 19

function: stores raw info detected by senses
capacity: unlimited
duration: 0.2 - 4 seconds

Question 20

short-term memory

Answer 20

function: temporarily stores info that is consciously being attended to
capacity: 5-9 items
duration: 18 - 30 seconds

Question 21

long-term memory

Answer 21

function: potentially unlimited amount of information stored for relatively permanent amount of time.
capacity: unlimited
duration: unlimited

Question 22

explicit memory v implicit memory

Answer 22

explicit: consciously retrieved memories (semantic, episodic)
implicit: unconsciously retrieved memories (procedural)

Question 23

semantic memory

Answer 23

factual and declarative memory.

Question 24

episodic memory

Answer 24

personal experiences and events.

Question 25

procedural memory

Answer 25

carrying out tasks via motor skills.

Question 26

role of hippocampus

Answer 26

encoding explicit memories, retrieving episodic memories

Question 27

role of amygdala

Answer 27

encoding emotional content (both implicit and explicit)

Question 28

role of neocortex

Answer 28

stores expilit memories long-term.

Question 29

role of basal ganglia

Answer 29

habitual learning. plays role in procedural memory via interactions with neocortex and cerebellum

Question 30

role of cerebellum

Answer 30

plays role in procedural memory via interactions with basal ganglia and cerebellum.

Question 31

autobiographical event v possible imagined future

Answer 31

autobiographical: personally lived experience
imagined future: hypothetical situation

Question 32

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 32

• neurodegenerative disease
• decrease cognitive functions, personality change, changes in mood, difficulty with language.
• lesions in the hippocampus located
  - amyloid plaques, fragments of protein beta-amyloid
  - neurofibrillary tangles, accumulation of protein tau

Question 33

first nation’s australian’s mnemonics

Answer 33

sung narratives: stories shared through song
songlines: performances like maps

Question 34

stages of NREM

Answer 34

1: light sleep, loses awareness of surroundings
2: “truly” asleep, still relatively light
3: deep sleep

Question 35

EEG in different stages of sleep

Answer 35

REM: high freq, low ampl
NREM1: high freq, low ampl
NREM2: medium freq, medium ampl
NREM3: low freq, high ampl

Question 36

maintaining sleep-wake cycle via SCN

Answer 36

1. SCN recieves internal and external cues
2. SCN sends neural signals to pineal gland to produce melatonin
3. pineal gland releases melatonin into bloodstream, promoting feelings of relaxation and calm

Question 37

sleep across the lifespan

Answer 37

neonatal: 50rem 50nrem (16h)
infancy: 35rem 65nrem (13.5h)
childhood: 20rem 80nrem (11h)
adolescence: 20rem 80nrem (9h)
young adult: 20rem 80nrem (8h)
middle adult: 20rem 80nrem (7h)
old age: 20rem 80nrem (6h)

Question 38

ABC effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 38

affective: changes in emotions and emotional responses
behavioural: changes in actions and ability to control them
cogntive: changes in mental processes

Question 39

sleep hygiene

Answer 39

practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns. eg, time, sound, light, comfort, tech, association, food, exercise.

Question 40

zeitgebers

Answer 40

external cues that influence the circadian rhythm
- light
- temperature
- nutrition/hydration

Question 41

SEWB framework for first nation’s australians

Answer 41

• connection to body
• connection to mind and emotions
• connection to family and kinship
• connection to community
• connection to culture
• connection to country
• country to spirituality and ancestors