My Micro Part 2, USMLE Flashcards
1
Q
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
A
Naegleria fowleri
2
Q
Tachyzoite on biopsy
A
T. gondii
3
Q
Swimming in freshwater lakes; enters via cribriform plate
A
Naegleria
[Think Nalgene bottle filled
with fresh water containing Naegleria]
4
Q
Toxoplasma gondii, treatment
A
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
5
Q
Amoebas in spinal fluid
A
Naegleria fowleri
6
Q
Diagnosis of trypanosome brucei
A
Blood smear
7
Q
Origin of single flagellum of hemoflagellates
A
Kinetoplast
8
Q
Location of kinetoplast in trypomastigote
A
Posterior
9
Q
Falling leaf motility
A
G. lamblia
10
Q
Scrub typhus
A
R. tsutsugamushi
11
Q
Leishmania, vector
A
Sandflies (phlebotomus)
12
Q
Trypanosoma brucei, vector
A
Glossina/tsetse fly
13
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi, vector
A
Reduviid bug
14
Q
Hemoflagellate that characteristically assumes a C or U shape in stained blood films
A
T. cruzi
15
Q
Has an intracellular amastigote stage in cardiac muscles and other tissues
A
T. cruzi
16
Q
Winterbottom sign
A
T. brucei
17
Q
Romaña sign
A
T. cruzi
18
Q
West African sleeping sickness
A
T. brucei gambiense
19
Q
Eastern and central african sleeping sickness
A
T. brucei rhodesiense
20
Q
T. brucei gambiense vs T. brucei rhodesiense: More severe
A
T. brucei rhodesiense
21
Q
T. brucei, treatment for blood-borne diseases
A
Suramin
22
Q
T. brucei, treatment for CNS penetration
A
Melarsoprol
23
Q
Tertian malaria
A
1) P. vivax
2) P. ovale
24
Q
Quartan malaria
A
P. malariae
25
Fever on 1st and 3rd day (every 48 hours)
P. vivax and ovale
26
Fever every 72 hours
P. malariae
27
Dormant form in the liver
Hypnozoite
28
Plasmodia that have dormant forms in liver
P. vivax and ovale
29
Contain merozoites
Schizonts
30
Anti-malarial that blocks heme polymerise of plasmodium
Chloroquine
31
Malaria treatment: Alternative for resistance to Chloroquine
Mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil
32
Treatment for life-threatening malaria
IV quinidine or artesunate
33
Anti-malarial for hypnozoites
Primaquine
34
Use of these drugs require test for G6PD
1) Artesunate
| 2) Primaquine
35
Maltese cross on blood smear
Babesia
36
Fever and hemolytic anemia; asplenia increases risk of serve disease
Babesia
37
Dilated cardiomyopathy with
| apical atrophy, megacolon, megaesophagus;
T. cruzi
38
Visceral leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
39
Visceral leishmaniasis is aka
Kala-azar
40
T/F T. vaginalis can form cysts hence can exist outside human
F, cannot form cysts, cannot exist outside humans
41
Unilateral periorbital swelling during the acute stage of disease
Chagas disease (Romaña sign)
42
T. cruzi, treatment
Benznidazole or nifurtimox
43
Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
Visceral leishmaniasis
44
L. donovani diagnosis
Amastigotes in macrophages
45
L. donovani, treatment
Amphotericin B
46
Strawberry cervix
T. vaginalis
47
Roundworm obstructing ileocecal valve
A. lumbricoides
48
Roundworm that causes epigastric pain, feeling like peptic ulcer
S. stercoralis
49
Roundworms that cause anemia
Hookworms
50
Treatment for roundworms
Bendazoles
51
Treatment for S. stercoralis
Ivermectin
52
Treatment for hookworms
Pyrantel pamoate
53
Larvae enter bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle cells
T. spiralis
54
Black flies, black skin nodules, black sight (river blindness)
Onchocerca volvulus
55
Treatment for O. volvulus
Ivermectin
56
Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
Loa loa
57
Elephantiasis
W. bancrofti
58
Allergic reaction to microfilaria
O. volvulus
59
Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva
Loa loa
60
W. bancrofti, vector
Female mosquito
61
Visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis
62
Blockage of lymphatics by W. bancrofti becomes symptomatic when
9 mod-1 year after bite
63
Treatment for Loa loa and W. bancrofti
DEC
64
Nematode routes of infection: Ingested
Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella
| [You’ll get sick if you EATT these!]
65
Nematode routes of infection: Cutaneous
Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator
| [These get into your feet from the SANd.]
66
Nematode routes of infection: Bites
Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
| [Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten.]
67
Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish causes infection
D. latum
68
Means by which T. solium is acquired causing INTESTINAL infection
Ingestion of encysted larvae in undercooked pork
69
Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis
T. solium
70
Means by which T. solium is acquired causing cysticercosis and/or neurocysticercosis
Ingestion of eggs
71
Intermediate host of E. granulosus
Sheep
72
Cestode: Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. latum
73
Hydatid cyst
E. granulosus
74
Done prior to removal of hydatid cyst to prevent anaphylaxis from released daughter cysts from liver
Injection with ethanol or hypertonic saline
75
Treatment for cestodes except E. granulosus
Praziquantel
76
Treatment for E. granulosus
Albendazole
77
Treatment for neurocysticercosis
Albendazole
78
Host of schistosoma
Snails
79
Mode of transmission of schistosoma
Penetration of skin
80
Schistosoma: Hepatosplenomegaly
S. mansoni
81
Schistosoma: SCC of bladder with chronic infection
S. haematobium
82
Schistosoma: Pulmonary hypertension with chronic infection
S. haematobium
83
Schistosoma: Lateral spine
S. mansoni
84
Schistosoma: Terminal spine
S. haematobium
85
Treatment for Schistosoma infection
Praziquantel
86
Treatment for Clonorchis sinensis
Praziquantel
87
Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
88
Brain cysts, seizures
Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis)
89
Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma, Necator
90
Myalgias, periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
91
Portal hypertension
Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum
92
Megaloblastic anemia
D. latum
93
Viral genetics: Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology.
Recombination
94
Viral genetics: When viruses with segmented genomes (e.g., influenza virus) exchange genetic material. For example, the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza A pandemic.
Reassortment
95
Viral genetics: Human flu, swine flu, bird flu
Reassortment
96
Viral genetics: When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein
Complementation
97
Viral genetics: Hep D and Hep B
Complementation
98
Viral genetics: Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses
Phenotypic mixing
99
Live attenuated viral vaccines
1) Smallpox
2) Yellow fever
3) Rotavirus
4) VZV
5) Sabin polio
6) MMR
7) Influenza (intranasal)
[Live! See SMALL YELLOW ROTATING CHICKENS get vaccinated with SABIN and MMR! It’s INcredible!
100
T/F Live attenuated vaccines can be given to HIV-positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency
T
101
Killed viral vaccines
```
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza
Polio (Salk)
HAV
```
102
Viral vaccines made of viral subunits
1) HBV
| 2) HPV
103
The only ssDNA DNA virus
Parvovirus
104
The only dsRNA RNA virus
Reovirus
105
T/F Naked nucleic acids of negative strand ssRNA and dsRNA are not infectious
T, require polymerases
106
The only DNA virus that does not replicate in the nucleus
Poxvirus
107
The inly RNA viruses that does not replicate in the cytoplasm (2)
1) Influenza
| 2) Retroviruses
108
Naked viruses
```
[Give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy (hippy).]
[PAPP=DNA; CPR=RNA]
Papilloma
Adeno
Parvo
Polyoma
Calici
Picorna
Reo
Hepe
```
109
Enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes from
Plasma membrane when they exit from cell
110
The only enveloped virus that acquires its envelope from nuclear membrane
Herpesvirus
111
All DNA viruses are linear except
1) Papilloma (circular, supercoiled)
2) Polyoma (circular, supercoiled)
3) Hepadna (circular, incomplete)
112
All DNA viruses are icosahedral except
Poxvirus
113
Virus that carries its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Poxvirus
114
Largest DNA virus
Poxvirus
115
Smallest DNA virus
Parvovirus
116
Oral (and some genital) lesions, spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis
HSV-1
117
Genital (and some oral) lesions
HSV-2
118
Chickenpox, zoster (shingles)
VZV (HHV-3)
119
Mononucleosis
EBV (HHV-4)
120
Infection in immunosuppressed patients (AIDS retinitis)
CMV
121
Burkitt lymphoma
EBV
122
Transplant recipients
CMV
123
Roseola (exanthem subitum)
HHV-6
124
Hodgkin lymphoma
EBV
125
Kaposi sarcoma
HHV-8
126
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
127
Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase
HBV
128
Hepatitis: Hepadnavirus
HBV
129
Hepatitis: Picornavirus
HAV
130
Conjunctivitis —“pink eye”
Adenovirus
131
Acute hemorhhagic cystitis
Adenovirus
132
Aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, “slapped cheeks” rash in children
Parvovirus B19
133
Transplant patients, commonly targets kidney
BK virus
134
Erythema infectiosum/Fifth disease
Parvovirus B19
135
RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death, in adults leads to pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis–like symptoms
Parvovirus B19
136
Milkmaid blisters
Cowpox
137
Most common cause of sporadic encephalitis,
HSV-1
138
HSV-2, latent in
Sacral ganglia
139
Most common complication of shingles
Post-herpetic neuralgia
140
Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes)
Mono (EBV)
141
EBV infects B cells through this CD
CD21
142
Atypical lymphocytes in EBV infection
Reactive cytotoxic T cells
143
Diagnosis of EBV
Monospot test for heterophile antibodies
144
Owl eye inclusions
CMV
145
CMV are latent in
Mononuclear cells
146
Roseola transmission
Saliva
147
Dark/violaceous plaques or nodules representing vascular proliferations, seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients
HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
148
HHV-8 mode of transmission
Sexual contact
149
Multinucleated giant cells on tzanck smear
HSV 1 and 2, VZV
150
Colorado tick fever
Reovirus (Coltivirus)
151
#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
Rotavirus
152
Aseptic (viral) meningitis
1) Echovirus
2) Coxsackie virus
3) Poliovirus
4) Mumps
153
“Common cold”
Rhinovirus
154
Herpangina (mouth blisters, fever)
Coxsackie virus
155
Hand, foot, and mouth disease; myocarditis; pericarditis
Coxsackie virus
156
Hepatitis: Hepevirus
HEV
157
Hepatitis: Flavivirus
HCV
158
T-cell leukemia
HTLV
159
Retroviruses (have reverse transcriptase)
1) HIV
| 2) HTLV
160
"Common cold” and SARS
Coronavirus
161
Orthomyxovirus
Influenza
162
Paramyxovirus
[PaRaMyxovirus]
Parainfluenza
RSV
Measles, Mumps
163
Bronchiolitis in babies
RSV
164
Filoviruses
Ebola/Marburg hemorhhagic fever
165
Hepatitis: Delta virus
HDV
166
Must transcribe ⊝ strand to ⊕. Virion brings its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Negative-stranded viruses
167
Segmented viruses
```
[BOAR]
Bunya
Orthomyxo
Arena
Reo
```
168
All picornaviruses are enteroviruses (decal-oral spread) except
Rhinovirus (acid labile)
169
Picornaviruses
```
[PERCH; PicoRNAvirus, all are RNA viruses]
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackievirus
HAV
```
170
Reservoir of yellow fever virus
Monkey or humans
171
Most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
172
Black vomitus
Yellow fever virus
173
Diarrhea in day care centres and kindergartens
Rotavirus
174
Councilman bodies (eosinophilic apoptotic globules) on liver biopsy
Yellow fever virus
175
Influenza: Promotes viral entry
Hemagglutinin
176
Influenza: Promotes progeny virion release
Neuraminidase
177
Genetic/Antigenic SHIFT vs DRIFT: Causes pandemics
Shift
178
Genetic/Antigenic SHIFT vs DRIFT: Causes epidemics
Drift
179
Genetic/Antigenic SHIFT vs DRIFT: Reassortment of viral genome segments, such as when segments of human flu A virus reassort with swine flu A virus.
Shift
180
Genetic/Antigenic SHIFT vs DRIFT: Random mutation in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase genes.
Drift
181
T/F Sudden shift is more deadly than gradual drift
T
182
Rubella: Family
Togavirus
183
Croup: seal-like barking cough)
Parainfluenza
184
German measles
Rubella
185
All contain surface F (fusion) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells.
Paramyxoviruses
186
Fever, postauricular and other lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and fine rash
Rubella
187
Inspiratory stridor; Narrowing of upper trachea and subglottis leads to characteristic steeple sign on X-ray
Croup/acute laryngotracheobronchitis
188
Measles
Rubeola
189
Prodromal fever with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis
Measles
190
Mild disease in children but serious congenital disease (a ToRCHeS infection)
Rubella
191
“blueberry muffin” appearance, indicative of extramedullary hematopoiesis
Rubella
192
Koplik spots
Measles
193
Spread of maculopapular rash of measles
From head and neck downward
194
Parotitis, orchitis, aspetic meningitis
Mumps
| [Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms]
195
Vitamins given in measles infection to educe measles
| mortality in malnourished or vitamin-deficient children
Vitamin A
196
Lymphadenitis with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells (fused lymphocytes)
Measles
197
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
Measles
198
Bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precede the measles rash by 1–2 days.
Koplik spots of measles
199
Negri bodies commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum and in hippocampal neurons
Rabies
200
Rabies virus bind to what nerve receptors
Ach
201
A filovirus that targets endothelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes
Ebola
