Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 208 Final > Mutualism and Paracitism > Flashcards

Mutualism and Paracitism Flashcards

1
Q

exploitation, and what constitutes as it

A

predation, herbivory, paracitism
one benefits one is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mutualism

A

a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two or more species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Commensalism

A

an interaction in which individuals of one species benefit while individuals of the other species do not benefit nor are harmed (i.e., neutral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

facilitation

A

a positive interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symbiosis

A

a relationship where individuals live in close physical contact
* Importantly, this can be: +/+, +/0, or +/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symbiotic relationships are not always

A

mutualistic (vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symbiosis is characterized as

A

a close physical, interdependent association between >two organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-symbiotic mutualisms

A
  • Pollination
  • Birds cleaning ungulates
  • Cleaner fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interactions between species may fall somewhere on the continuum of:

A

++, +0, +-
meaning Biology/evolution/etc. is rarely black and white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percent of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships
what do relationships do

A

about 80% of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi to provide inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the evolution of the eukaryotic cell is called
what type of interaction?

A

symbiogenesis theory
mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

barnacles and whales are an example of

A

commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tick and host example of

A

parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

Not optional
occurring by necessity
Dependance on specific partners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

occurring optionally
No dependance on specific partners
(low risk of extinction if a partner
goes extinct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fig-wasp what obligate or facultive

A
  • Neither species can exist
    without the other
    –> obligate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nurse plant in the desert facultative or obligative

A

Nurse plants in the desert
* Soil beneath an adult is cool and
moist – good for seedlings
-Facultative
beacuse mfs can live w/o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anemones Clownfish type mutualism

A

Anemones provide fish with
protection from predators
* Due to the presence of stinging cells
* Clownfish defends anemones from
butterfly fish
Service-service relationships–> rarest form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acacia trees and ants what type of mutualistic relationshoip

A

Ants protect acacias from herbivores
* Ants also trim back other vegetation
that would otherwise shade the
acacias
* Acacias provide shelter; ants nest
inside the thorns
* Ants also eat on food-bodies produced by the
plant, introducing a service-resource component
to the interaction
-service service relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mycorrhiza is what type of mutualist relationship?

A

resource - resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Service-resource relationships and examples

A

-pollination
-cleaning symbiosis
-Zoochory
most common form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Plant species that rely on animals for pollen dispersal often have

A

very specific pollinators that they have co-evolved with.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ophrys apifera
A flower that resembles a female bee

A

Sexually deceptive pollination
Plant also emits chemicals that mimic females bees.
* Males are attracted and attempt to copulate with it

24
Q

Pollinators provide

A

ecosystem services

25
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Single-celled dinoflagellate / algae that photosynthesize inside of coral tissue

26
Q

Zooxanthellae relationship w coral

A
  • Provide glucose, glycerol, and amino acids to the coral in exchange for protection
  • Help remove coral’s waste (Ammonia)
  • They also give coral their coloration
27
Q

Lichen fungal symbiosis w cyanobac/ algae

A

The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of
green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria.
* Fungus receive nutrients obtained via photosynthesis
* Algae receive food/protection/stability from the fungus

28
Q

Trophic mutualisms

A

mutualist receives energy/nutrients
from its partner
* Leaf-cutter ants and fungus
* Mycorrhizae
* Coral/alga

29
Q

Habitat mutualisms

A

One partner provides the other with
shelter, living space, or favorable habitat
* Pistol shrimp dig burrows that that they share with goby fish - goby gets a refuge and in turn serves as a “seeing eye fish” for the nearly blind shrimp

30
Q

Many mutualisms are thought to have evolved from

A

antagonistic interactions

31
Q

virulence theory

A

a model which predicts reduces antagonism, perhaps in the direction of mutualism, in parasitism interactions were host fidelity is high and alterative hosts are not an abundant option

32
Q

E.g., Wolbachia (bacteria) which are vertically transmitted with Drosophila simulans what happened

A

Basic idea is that because they are maternally transmitted, parasites may evolve towards a more mutualistic relationship with their host

33
Q

Each partner should act in such a manner that

A

serves its own ecological and evolutionary interests

34
Q

Although both partners in a mutualism benefit

A

there are also costs
sometimes the cost is a reward for the service

35
Q

Cheaters

A

individuals who does not cooperate (or cooperates less than their fair share) and/or exploit their partners while gaining a benefit at their expense

36
Q

what are the risks to cheating

A

may be penalties imposed by exploited individual

37
Q

why does mutualism evolve?
what happens if it goes too far?

A

net effect is advantageous to both partners
disadvantageous it would probably break
down or become parasitism

38
Q

Mutualisms are not

A

friendly interactions among species
reciproical parasitism
RECIPROICAL PARASITISM

39
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi

A

Penetrate the cortical cells of plant roots,
forming a branched network called an
arbuscule
* in 80% of plant species

40
Q

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi

A

do not penetrate cortical cells

41
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi relationships exist when

A

associations are mutualistic when Net Costs < Net Benefits

42
Q

AMF are more mutualistic

A

when grown in nutrient poor soil

43
Q

plant- AMF relationships form a continuum

A

from mutualistic to parasitic interactions.

44
Q

Parasitism is a form of

A

exploitation

45
Q

what is different between predator prey and parasite host

A

a parasite forms an intricate and long-term
relationship with the host – something that
herbivores & predators do not do.

46
Q

like mutualism, parasitism

A

may either be Obligate (Not optional) or Facultative (optional)

47
Q

Endoparasites

A

(living inside the host

48
Q

Ectoparasites

A

living outside the host (e.g., skin))

49
Q

Mesoparasite

A

enter through an opening of a host’s body and
remain partly embedded

50
Q

Brood parasites

A

lay egg in other species nest for example
cuck them

51
Q

Kleptoparasites

A

stealing food gathered from a host

52
Q

Sexual parasites

A

anglerfish males are tiny compared to
the size of females

53
Q

Vector-transmitted parasites vs Directly-transmitted parasites

A

requiring a third party, a vector
not requiring a vector(lice)

54
Q

Parasitoids

A

insects that eventually kill their hosts (wasps, flies, etc.)

55
Q

Trophically-transmitted

A

requiring the host to consume them (e.g., roundworms,
liver fluke)
* These parasites often alter the behaviour of their hosts

56
Q

Red-Queen Hypothesis

A

-A hypothesis describing how reciprocal evolutionary effects among species leads to coevolution\
-Species (or populations) must continually evolve new adaptations in response to evolutionary changes in other organisms to avoid extinction
Has been adapted to explain the evolution of
many phenomena (Sex, Mating systems ,Pathogen virulence Maintenance of genetic diversity)

BIOL 208 Final (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions