mutualism

Question 1

what type of relationship is parasitism?

Answer 1

a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits from the other species which is harmed

Question 2

how do parasites increase their fitness?

Answer 2

exploiting host organism for food, habitat, and dispersal

Question 3

(t/f) parasites kill their host

Answer 3

false - they may die from secondary infection or suffer reduced fitness

Question 4

what is cleptoparatism

Answer 4

parasitism by theft - form of feeding where one animal appropriates food gathered by the host

Question 5

define infection and outcome

Answer 5

heavy load of parasites & outcome is a disease

Question 6

parasites are distinguished by ____

Answer 6

size

Question 7

define microparasite

Answer 7

viruses, bacteria, and protozoans that have short generations time, small in size, and develop and multiply rapidly. their transmission is often direct (host -> host)

Question 8

define macroparasites

Answer 8

parasitic worms, lice, and fungi that have long generation time, spread by indirect or direct contact (may involve intermediate host or vectors), and do not complete their entire life in a single host

Question 9

how do parasitic plants work?

Answer 9

they have a modified root (haustorium) that penetrates and connects to the vascular tissues (xylem/phloem) of the host plant

Question 10

define hemiparasite

Answer 10

parasitic plant that contains chlorophyll and is therefore capable of photosynthesis - can obtain nutrients by connecting to the host xylem

Question 11

define holoparasite

Answer 11

parasitic plant that does not contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot photosynthesis - obtains nutrients by connecting to host xylem and phloem because it cannot live without host plant

Question 12

define ectoparasite

Answer 12

parasite that lives on the host skin - within protective covers of feathers and hair

Question 13

define endoparasite

Answer 13

parasite that lives within the host - some burrow beneath the skin, heart, liver, etc…

Question 14

(t/f) parasites of plants can divide up the habitat

Answer 14

true - some can live on leaves or root and the host serves as a habitat enabling survival & reproduction

Question 15

what is the major problem for parasites?

Answer 15

gaining access to and escaping host

Question 16

what is direct transmission?

Answer 16

it occurs when a parasite is transferred from one host to another without the involvement of an intermediate organism

Question 17

how can direct transmission occur?

Answer 17

with a carrier, or the parasite can be disperse from one host to another through air, water, or other substrate

Question 18

the transmission of malaria parasite is an example of transmission with?

Answer 18

intermediate vector

Question 19

some parasites are transmitted between hosts by means of other organisms called?

Answer 19

vectors

Question 20

define intermediate host

Answer 20

host that harbors a developmental phase of a parasite

Question 21

give 2 examples of the defense mechanism of a host

Answer 21

a. behavioral - grooming
b. immune response - rxn inducing wbc to attack infection

Question 22

parasitic infection functions to?

Answer 22

reduce growth & reproduction

Question 23

define commensalism

Answer 23

relationship where one species benefits without affecting the other

Question 24

define mutualism

Answer 24

both species benefit - growth, survival, or reproduction in enhanced for both

Question 25

define symbiotic mutualism

Answer 25

individuals coexist - obligatory relationship

Question 26

define nonsymbiotic mutualism

Answer 26

2 organisms do not physically coexist

Question 27

explain the corals and crabs experiment

Answer 27

a. the success of corals on temperature reefs derives from their ability to harbor the symbiotic relationship it has with herbivorous crabs that mediate competition with seaweed
b. the coral protects the crab and the crab enhances coral growth and survival
c. by reducing overgrowth, crab increases coral growth, crab increases coral survival

Question 28

define parasite

Answer 28

relationship where one species benefits from a prolonged, close association w/ another organism which is harmed

Question 29

intermediate vs definite host

Answer 29

intermediate harbors parasite that is at larval stage while definite harbors adult parasite and reproduces

Question 30

give an example of how host responds to paratism

Answer 30

killfish - their behavior is modified by infection and fitness is negatively affected

Question 31

explain the experiment of freshwater mussles

Answer 31

dependent on a fish host, glochidia attaches to adult fish and there are ways to lure them or some conglutinate glochidia

Question 32

define facultative mutualism

Answer 32

occurs when species can manage without mutualistic relationship

Question 33

define obligate mutualism

Answer 33

occurs when they cannot exist without the mutualistic relationship

Question 34

(t/f) mutualism is not as common as exploitation

Answer 34

true

Question 35

mutualism has ____ mechanisms

Answer 35

dispersal

Question 36

explains ants & acacia trees (janzen) experiment

Answer 36

a. trees provide shelter & rewards for ant species and then trees receive protection from herbivores
b. percentage of survival was higher with ants versus without (termites)
c. shouts with insects was higher when they were no ants versus when there were ants

Question 37

plant roots are largely ____

Answer 37

fungi