Mutations Revisted Flashcards
1
Q
Mutations in Nucleotides
A
- Mutations in one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
- The change of a single nucleotide in a DNA template strand can lead to the production of an abnormal protein
2
Q
What does valine cause hemoglobin to do
A
Causes hemoglobin chains to misfold and causes red blood cells to become squished
3
Q
Base-pair mutations, substitution
A
When one nucleotide and it’s partner gets replaced with another pair of nucleotides
4
Q
Silent Mutations
A
- Have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon
- Because of redundancy in the genetic code
5
Q
Missense Mutations
A
Still code for an amino acid but not the correct one
6
Q
Nonsense mutations
A
- Change an amino acid codon into a stop codon
- Nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein
7
Q
Base-pair mutations, insertions
A
- Additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein
- Frameshift mutations
8
Q
Base-pair mutations, deletions
A
- Losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene
- Have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein
- Frameshift mutation
9
Q
One amino acid missing mutation
A
- No frameshift
- Rare
- When entire codon is deleted
- Effects vary
10
Q
In what ways do bacteria and eukarya differ?
A
- RNA polymerases
- Termination of transcription
- Ribosomes
11
Q
What domain tends to resemble eukarya?
A
- Archaea
- Maybe eukarya evolved after archaea and bacteria are the ancient ones
12
Q
Bacteria Gene Expression
A
- Simultaneously transcribe and translate the same gene
13
Q
Eukarya Gene Expression
A
Transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear envelope
14
Q
Archaea Gene Expression
A
Transcription and translation are likely coupled
