Mutation and molecular evolution

Question 1

How are genomes used to study evolution?

Answer 1

The genome is the full set of genes plus noncoding regions of DNA.
Most genes are on the chromosome in eukaryotes but some are in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 2

What is dependent on mutations?

Answer 2

Evolution of nucleic acids and proteins.

Question 3

How can genes evolve?

Answer 3

Nucleotide substitutions, which can result in amino acid replacements.

Question 4

What can changes in amino acid sequences result in?

Answer 4

Altered secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and thus its functions.

Question 5

What is an example of an endogenous reaction?

Answer 5

Replication error.
Topoisomerases
Base deamination
Oxidative damage
DNA methylation

Question 6

What is an example of an exogenous reaction?

Answer 6

Ionization damage
UV damage
Alkylation/Aromatic
Toxins

Question 7

Examples of DNA sequencing?

Answer 7

Sanger
Illumina

Question 8

What does sequence comparison give us?

Answer 8

Count of the minimum number of differences between two species.

Question 9

4 different types of substitutions?

Answer 9

Multiple
Coincident
Parallel
Back

Question 10

Multiple Substitution

Answer 10

More than one change at a given position

Question 11

Coincident substitutions

Answer 11

Different substitution in different descendants.

Question 12

Parallel substitution

Answer 12

Same substitution in different descendants

Question 13

Back substitutions

Answer 13

One change at a position is changed back to original (reversion)

Question 14

Purines (R)

Answer 14

Adenine
Guanine

Question 15

Pyrimidine (y)

Answer 15

Thymine
Cytosine

Question 16

Transition mutation

Answer 16

R for R or Y for Y

Question 17

Transversion mutation

Answer 17

R for Y or Y for R

Question 18

What is more frequent transition or transversion mutation?

Answer 18

Transition more frequent (2:1) and transversion (3:1)

Question 19

How are genomes used to study evolution?

Answer 19

Homologous features are shared by two or more species and inherited from a common ancestor.
Before genes and proteins can be compared, homologous positions in the nucleotides or amino acid sequences are alinged.

Question 20

What is a synonymous or silent substitution?

Answer 20

A mutation that does not change the amino acid.

Question 21

What is a nonsynonymous substitution

Answer 21

Amino acid is effected (missense mutation)

Question 22

What is more common synonymous or nonsynonymous?

Answer 22

Synonymous substitution 5 times more rapid than nonsynonymous.