Mustard Flashcards
Introduction
a. ▪ ……………………… is the third important oilseed crop in the world after…………………….
and ……………………….
b. In Bhutan rapeseed and mustard are the only crop cultivated for ………………………..
c. With the national average yield of 300 kg per acre, the oilseeds self sufficiency
ratio currently stands at only ……………..
d. In Bhutan, …………………. is dominantly grown
e. In general, ……………..is more susceptible to diseases in comparison
with Brassica juncea
f.Peculiar pungency is due to presence of .,………………..
a. Rapeseed and mustard ,soybean (Glycine max), palm (Elaeis guineenisis)
b. oil extraction
c. 3%
d. rapeseed (Brassica campestris, var. toria)
e. Brassica campestris
f. glucose sinigrin
Uses
a. The oil content varies from …………….
▪ Oil is utilized for human consumption
b. Green vegetables as they supply ………………..and ………………. in the diet
▪ In tanning industry, mustard oil is used for …………………
a. 37 to 49%
Seed and oil are used as condiment in the preparation of pickles and for
flavoring curries and vegetables
Used in the preparation of hair oils and medicines
▪ Oil cake is used as feed and manure
b. sulphur and minerals
▪ Good source of green fodder for cattle
softening leather
Why there is a decreasing trend of mustard in Bhutan?
involves many procedures for oil extraction which is tedious.
lack of market demand
these crops are substituted with cash crops
name some of the crops that are modified traits of wild mustard plant ( brassica oleracea)
kohlrabi-stem kale - leaves broccoli- flower buds and stem brussels sprouts- lateral leaf buds cabbage- terminal leaf buds cauliflower- flower buds.
Botanical classification
Origin
Rapeseed- Mustard
Family: Cruciferae
Genus : Brassica
Species: Brassica spp.
Rapeseed(Brassica campestris)
Toria
▪ Sarson
✓ Brown Sarson
✓ Yellow sarson
Mustard (Brassica juncea)
▪ Rai, Raya, Laha
origin Rai – China ▪ Toria – East Afghanistan ▪ Brown sarson – E. Afghanistan & adjoining Indian sub-continent ▪ Yellow sarson – N.E. India
differentiate between rapeseed and mustard
Rapeseed vs Mustard
Rapeseed
sarson,Toria,lahi
plant height 45 -150 cm
leaves sessile, leaf lamina claps the stalk
siliquae(pod) short or thicker
pollination cross pollinated
seed coat smooth
Mustard
(rai,Raya, Laha)
90-200 cm
leaves stalked but does not clap
silique(pod) long and slender
pollination-self pollinated
seed coat- rough
Climatic Requirements
Crops of tropical as well as temperate zones
▪ Requires cool and dry weather for satisfactory growth
▪ Temperature range 3 to 40°C
▪ Optimum 18-25°C with cool, dry clear weather
▪ Require higher temperature for the completion of vegetative phase and clear
sky with cold temperature during reproductive phase for better development of
seed and oil
▪ Most susceptible to frost
▪ Long day in photo-periodic response
▪ Require an annual precipitation of 40-100 cm
Soils
▪ Varying soil from sandy loam to clay (Mustard on any soil but rapeseed in
light)
▪ Thrive best on light loam soils
▪ Well drained soil is more suitable
▪ Waterlogging should be avoided
▪ Plants can tolerate moderate salinity reasonably well but a soil having
neutral pH is ideal for their proper growth and development
▪ Soils with pH <5.0 and >9.0 are not suitable for these crops
Land Preparation
Requires fine seed bed to ensure good germination
▪ Land should be well prepared first by ploughing deep with soil turning plough,
followed by two cross harrowings
▪ Ploughing should be followed by planking so that the soil is well pulverised
and levelled
Time of Sowing
▪ Delay in planting reduces the yield
1. Maize based cropping system (dry lands)-September
2. Potato based cropping system – August – September
3. Rice based cropping system (Wet lands) – October – November
▪ Treat the seeds with fungicides well before sowing
▪ Sown behind the country plough or Ferti cum seed drill, also broadcasting
▪ Depth of sowing 3-4 cm
▪ Avoid shallow sowing
▪ Cover the seeds after sowing
▪ Sowing may be on conserved soil moisture
Fertilizer Management
For good harvest, apply 40-60 kg nitrogen, 30 kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O per
hectare.
Sulphur fertilization
#▪ Rapeseed-mustard has the highest requirement of sulphur
▪ Sulphur increases the yield of mustard by 12 to 48% under irrigation, and by
17 to 124% under rainfed conditions
▪ In terms of agronomic efficiency, each kilogram of sulphur increases the yield
of mustard by 7.7 kg
Irrigation
Weed management
Irrigation
▪ Total water requirement – 400 mm during the crop season
▪ Two irrigations at pre-bloom (30 DAS) and pod filling stages (60-65
DAS) are beneficial.
▪ In light soils three irrigations, the third at 90 DAS
Weed management
▪ Dominant weeds: Chenpodium album, Convolvulus arvensis
▪ Intercultural operation 5-10 days after 1st irrigation
▪ Hand hoeing is desirable, it aerates the soil
▪ Herbicides can also be used
▪ Pendimethalin pre-emergence 0.5-1.5 kg/ha based on soil
▪ Crop rotation: Wheat + mustard mixed systems
Harvesting
Harvesting
▪ Color of leaves, stem and silique turn green to pale
yellow
▪ Lower silique looks – dried appearance
▪ Upper may be green
▪ Seeds in the silique makes rattling sound
▪ Silique with 2 carpels and a false septum
▪ During over maturity the two carpels split and
seeds shed
▪ Premature harvest leads to shriveled grains
Threshing
Threshing ▪ After sun drying for few hours ▪ Beating pods along with the plants ▪ Either manually ▪ Machine ▪ Walking bullocks, or running tractor ▪ Cleaning and drying to 8-10% moisture for storage ▪ Average yield ▪ Irrigated rapeseed 1.5 to 2.0 t ▪ Rainfed rapeseed 1.0 to 1.5t ▪ Irrigated mustard 2.0 to 2.5 t ▪ Rainfed mustard 1.5 to 2.0t
diseases and pest
diseases Alternaria Blight (Alternaria brassicae) Downy Mildew (Peronospora brassicae
Pest
mustard sawfly, mustard aphids, cabbage butterfly
