groundnut Flashcards
Facts about Groundnut•Names : Groundnut/Peanut/Monkey nut/Earth nut, •Botanical name : •Family : Leguminosae •Origin : Brazil •Chromosome no: •Inflorescence : •Fruit : pod •Seed : kernel •Oil content : •Protein content :
Facts about Groundnut•Names : Groundnut/Peanut/Monkey nut/Earth nut, •Botanical name : Arachis hypogea •Family : Leguminosae •Origin : Brazil •Chromosome no: 2n = 40 •Inflorescence : Solitary axillary •Self pollinated, C3 short day plant •Fruit : pod •Seed : kernel •Oil content : 47 –53% •Protein content : 26%
1.Arachis’ means …………….. and …………………means below ground, referring to formation of pods in the soil.
- Groundnuts are a popular source ……………… and………………
- Produced in the …………… and ……………… regions of the world,
- mostly grown region
- legume and hypogea
- protein and oil
- tropical and subtropical
- Tashigang and Mongar
Importance (uses)
Seed contain 47-53% oil and 26% protein and 11.5% starch
• Kernels are good source of all B-vitamins except B12 and vitamin E,
rich in P, Ca & Mg including micronutrients like Fe, Zn.
• Used for preparation food products and bakery products
• Oil cakes are used as valuable organic manures & feeding material for
live stock
• Used as cattle feed either in fresh or in dried stage
• Nutrient cycling : green manure, fix atmospheric nitrogen
• contribute to more viable and sustainable cropping systems:
excellent rotation crop
based in branching differentiate between spreading type and erect type
Erect type • Arachis hypogea fastigata • Non dormancy • Light green colour • Attends early maturity
Spreading type • Arachis hypogea procumbens • Dormant for 2-2.5 months • Foliage dark green colour • Late maturity
pegging
After Fertilization, ovary at the base of the calyx tube starts
growing actively within a week by the activation of the
meristematic cells present below the ovary
• Green ovary turns purplish from the tip downwards
• Developing ovary pierces through the floral parts to reveal an
elongating peg
• Peg or gynophore is a stalk-like structure that carries the
fertilized ovules at its tip.
• Its growth is positively geotropic until it enters the soil to
some depth (up to 5-7 cm). The tip then becomes almost
horizontal.
• Only then does it begin to develop into a fruit
• Peg has been defined as the young fruit during the stalk-like
phase of its development (Smith, 1950)
Climate requirement
effects of continuous rainfall
Tropical plant: Requires a long and warm growing season.
optimum temperature -27-30˚C
Rainfall : minimum of 500 mm and a maximum of 1250 mm
during the crop period
Continuous rains leads to excessive vegetative growth resulting in
poor pod yield.
• Rains at harvest cause germination of kernels in non-dormant
cultivars besides problem in pod drying
Soil Requirement
Thrives best in well drained sandy and sandy loam
soils, light soil with ample supply of calcium and
moderate organic matter
• Clay or heavy soils are not suitable for this crop as
they tend to become hard during dry weather
• Groundnut is one of the most acid tolerant crops
with a critical pH range of 5–5.5.
• Moderately sensitive to soil salinity & highly
susceptible to waterlogging
Ground nut types found in Bhutan
chalipa red bartsampa white badam yabrangpa red badam Yabrangpa red and white badam nanongpa badam
Land Preparation
Depends on the soil type and onset of monsoon for rainfed crop and on the
previous crop grown for irrigated crop
• Although deep rooted crop but looking to its underground pod forming habit,
deep ploughing should be avoided
• Because deep ploughing encourages development of pods in deeper layers of
soil which makes harvesting difficult
• One ploughing followed by two harrowings would be sufficient to achieve a
good surface tilth
• One or two summer cultivations will minimize weeds and insect pests to a
great extent in problem areas.
Seed and sowing
Seed selection:-
• Germination < 85% is not considered satisfactory.
• Selected pods are thoroughly cleaned, dried, packed preferably in gunny bags
& stored in a well ventilated place.
• Pods for seed purpose are usually hand shelled about a week in advance of
sowing. The viability of seed will be lost if shelled long before seeding
Seed treatment:-
• Seed treatment against seed and soil born diseases is essential
• Seed treatment with Thiram @ 3g/kg
• Bavistin (2g/kg) is effective for about 20 days from sowing
• Rhizobium treatment is also provided
Time of sowing
Summer: The crop is sown from the second fortnight of December
to first week of February depending upon the temperature.
• Spring: Crop is sown from second fortnight of February to first
week of March after harvest of toria and potato.
• Groundnut suffers from yield reduction due to delayed sowing.
• Gap filling, if necessary, should be completed within a week taking
advantage of moisture at the time of sowing the seed
Nutrient Management
Add well decomposed FYM or compost at 5-10 tones per hectare about 15-
20 days before sowing.
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
is recommended as basal dose
• being a legume and an oil seed crop has greater requirement for
phosphorus and Sulphur.
• Calcium & sulphur: absorbed by pegs & developing pods
• Calcium deficiency leads to unfilled pods called pops and darkening of
plumules of embryo.
• Sulphur is highly essential as it is directly involved in the biosynthesis of oil.
It improves nodulation of Rhizobium and prevents the premature leaf fall &
increase the pod & oil yield.
• Ca & S are supplied to crop through gypsum @ 500 kg/ha near pegging
zone as top dressing at flowering (30 DAS)
Water Management
Critical stages: period from peak flowering to early pod
development (45 – 75 DAS) is the most sensitive to soil moisture
stress.
flowering, peg penetration and pod development stages are the 3
moisture sensitive stages for pod yield.
• Very early growth phase (up to 20 DAS) is least sensitive.
• Scheduling of irrigation:
➢ If irrigation water is not limiting , then a total of 8 irrigations are
adequate for optimal yield.
➢ pre –sowing irrigation followed by an irrigation at 25 DAS, 4 irrigations at
10 days interval &
➢ final two irrigations at 15 days interval.
• Use of sprinkler and drip irrigation increases the water use efficiency
but the only drawback is the high initial cost involved.
Weed management
Weed competition is critical up to 35 DAS but it is relatively low at later
stages.
• Erect and bunch types suffer more than spreading types
• Yield losses may be to the extent of 70%. , especially under rainfed conditions.
• When once pegging begins (40 DAS ), there should not be any disturbance to
pegs through
Cultural management:
• Hand weeding is done twice, first around 20 DAS & 2nd at about 35 DAS.
• Inter cultivation usually starts around 10 days after emergence & continues up
to 35 DAS at 7–10 days interval till pegging begins.
• Cost effective weed management under rainfed conditions is , repeated
intercultivation (harrowing) up to 35 DAS followed by hand weeding.
Use of herbicide:
Use of herbicide:
• Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @0.6-1.5 kg/ha or Alachlor @
1.5-2.0 kg/ha and Fluchloralin @ 1.25 – 1.5 kg/ha
The major weeds generally found in groundnut fields are:
• Monocots: Cynadon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Sorghum halepense,
• Dicots: Amaranthus viridis,Celosia argentia, Euphorbia hirta, Tridex
procumbens, Abutilon indicum, Phylanthus niruri and Chenopodium album.
