Must Know Pt.3 Flashcards
1
Q
Flexible collodion
A
Collodion + 2% camphor + 3% castor oil
2
Q
Use of camphor in flexible collodion
A
Waterproofing
3
Q
Use of castor oil in flexible collodion
A
Plasticizer (for flexibility)
4
Q
Use of flexible collodion
A
Topical protectant
5
Q
Is a homopolymer of N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine
A
Chitin
6
Q
Where can chitin be found in nature?
A
Exoskeleton of crustacean
Cell wall of fungi
7
Q
Reagent used to differentiate natural raw cotton and processed cotton
A
Schweitzer’s reagent
8
Q
Under Schweitzer’s reagent, what is the confirmatory result for natural raw cotton?
A
Dissolves and breaks it into fragments
9
Q
Under Schweitzer’s reagent, what is the confirmatory result for processed cotton?
A
It swells
10
Q
The following sugars have fructose in its structure except for?
Sucrose
Raffinose
Lactose
Stachyose
A
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
11
Q
The following have glucose in its structure except?
Trehalose
Starch
Inulin
Glycogen
A
Inulin (fructose)
12
Q
The following are polysaccharides except?
Trehalose
Glycogen
Inulin
Starch
A
Trehalose (disaccharide)
13
Q
Polysaccharides that yield more than one type of monosaccharide unit upon hydrolysis
A
Heteroglycans
14
Q
Are natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides
A
Gums and mucilages
15
Q
Acidic heteroglycans yield?
A
Uronic acids (oxidized) and pentoses
16
Q
Mucilage as water-retaining vehicles (Althea root and psyllium seeds) are used as?
A
Laxative agents
17
Q
In dosage form, mucilage is defined as?
A
Aqueous dispersion of gum
18
Q
Are produced by plants as protective agents after injury, as solidified exudates
A
Gums
19
Q
In dosage form, gums are known as?
A
Suspending or emulsifying agents
20
Q
Gums are?
A
Natural plant hydrocolloids
21
Q
5 classifications of gums
A
Shrub and tree exudates
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant extracts
Seed gums
22
Q
Tragacanth or gum tragacanth is an exudate from?
A
Astragalus gummifer
23
Q
Vermiform tragacanth
A
Natural injuries, worm-like, twisted into coils
24
Q
Tragacanth sorts
A
Natural injuries, irregular, tear-like
25
Ribbon/ flake tragacanth gum
Man-made incision, longitudinal striations, more expensive
26
3 forms of tragacanth
Vermiform, Tragacanth sorts, Ribbon/ flake gum
27
A component of tragacanth known for its swelling property and is made up of 60-70% of it
Bassorin
28
Is a component of tragacanth that is water soluble and is made up of 30-40% of it
Tragacanthin
29
What is said to be the best grade of tragacanth?
Low tragacanthin, high bassorin
30
Use of tragacanth
Suspending agent, emulsifying agent (6%)
31
What pH does tragacanth work best in?
Low pH/ acidic, since it is resistant to acidic hydrolysis; therefore, it is resistant to creaming, cracking, and breaking
32
The exudate of acacia/ gum arabic comes from where
Acacia senegal
33
Is a complex mixture of Ca, Mg, and K salts of Arabic acid
Arabin
34
The best variety of Acacia and is transparent
Kordofan variety (from Sudan)
35
Use of acacia
Suspending agent (35%)
36
Is a gum whose exudate comes from Anogeissus latifolia
Ghatti/ Indian gum
37
Use of Ghatti gum?
Substitute for acacia gum (forms more viscous dispersions)
38
Is a gum whose exudate comes from Sterculia urens
Karaya/ Sterculia gum
39
Karaya gum forms what type of mucilage?
Discontinuous with obnoxious odor
40
Use of Karaya gum
Bulk laxative (Movicol), emulsifying agent, dental adhesive
41
Movicol is made up of?
Karaya gum and Frangula
42
Is a gum from Macrocystis porifera
Sodium alginate/ algin
43
What are the components of sodium alginate?
Salts of alginic and mannuronic acid (swelling property)
44
Uses of sodium alginate
Suspending agent, food industry (ice cream, chocolate), gastroprotectant (Gaviscon - Na alginate + Na bicarbonate + Ca carbonate)
45
Agar/ Japanese isinglass/ gulaman exudate is from?
Geladium cartilagineum
Gracilaria confervoides
46
Uses of agar
Stiffening agent in preparation of culture media, thickening agent
47
Components of agar
Agarose and agaropectin
48
A component of agar with low sulfate content and is responsible for gel strength
Agarose
49
A component of agar with high sulfate content and is responsible for swelling and viscosity
Agaropectin
50
Sources of Carrageenan/ Irish moss/ chondrus
Chondrus crispus
Irish moss (Gigartina mamillosa)
51
Are hydrocolloids from red algae or seaweeds
Carrageenan
52
3 forms of carrageenan
K-carrageenan, L-carrageenan; Y- carrageenan
53
Is a form of carrageenan with gelling property and is a translucent mixture
K- and L- carrageenan
54
Is a form of carrageenan with non-gelling property that is used as a thickener (colloidal solution)
Y-carrageenan
55
Carrageenan is a natural inducer of?
Inflammation (rat paw edema test)
56
Inflammation in rat paw edema test is measured by?
Plethysmometer
57
Is from the red algae Furcellaria fastigiata
Danish agar/ furcellaran
58
Property of Danish agar that is similar to K-carrageenan
Gelatin and suspending agent
59
Seed gums are also known as?
Bulk-forming laxatives
60
Spanish or French psyllium seed
Plantago psyllium, P. indica
61
Blonde psyllium or Indian plantago seed
Plantago ovata
62
Plant part used from seed gums
Powdered seed coat
63
Gum is from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Guar gum/ guaran
64
Plant part used in guar gum
Powdered endosperm
65
Gum is from Ceratonia siliqua
Locust bean gum/ St. John's bread/ Carob pulp
66
Part used in locust bean gum
Powder made from flesh of mature seed pods ("flour")
67
Uses of locust bean gum
Chocolate substitute, thickener, stabilizer
68
Is a high MW gum prepared by the action of Xanthamonas campestris
Xanthan gum
69
Xanthan gum produces what kind of property that is used in toothpastes and ointments?
Pseudoplastic properties
70
A non-Newtonian flow wherein molecules break apart when stress is applied
Pseudoplastic/ shear-thinning
71
Polyglucan formed from sucrose by the action of a transglucosylase enzyme system
Dextran
72
Dextran is present where?
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
73
Use of dextran
Plasma expander
74
Are purified carbohydrates and are found in the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace
Pectin
75
Uses of pectin
Protectant, suspending agent, antidiarrheal
76
What is the principle of the protectant property of pectin?
Micelle formation (natural counterpart of activated charcoal - both are adsorbents)
77
Types of pectin
Protopectin, soluble pectin, pectic acid
78
Is a type of pectin found in unripe fruits
Protopectin (insoluble)
79
Is a type of pectin found in ripe fruits
Soluble pectin
80
Is a type of pectin found in overripe fruits
Pectic acid
81
Insoluble protopectin is made soluble by?
Heating it with dilute acid to become soluble pectin
82
What is pectinic acid?
Insoluble degradation product of overripe fruits
83
Are amine-containing heteroglycans with beta-N-glycosidic bonds
Glycosaminoglycans
84
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan used as a supplement for osteoarthritis
Chondroitin sulfate
85
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is a component of bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan
86
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is also a component of skin
Dermatan sulfate
87
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is sulfated found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone which acts as a cushion to mechanical shock
Keratan sulfate
88
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is anionic; it is a component of synovial fluid, which lubricates it
Hyaluronic acid
89
An enzyme that is found in snake venom that degrades hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronan (spreading/ diffusing factor)
90
Is composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, comprises the shells of crustaceans
Chitin
91
Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is a natural anticoagulant which works by inhibiting the action of thrombin
Heparin
92
Are reduction/ hydrogenation products of sugar
Sugar alcohol
93
Reduction is known as?
Hydrogenation
94
Oxidation is known as?
Dehydrogenation
95
Sources of mannitol
From reduction of mannose
From isolation of manna
96
Manna is an exudate from?
Fraxinus ornus, Oleaceae
97
Uses of mannitol
Diagnostic aid (glomerular filtration), osmotic diuretic
98
TRUE/FALSE:
All sugars are diuretic.
TRUE
99
Sources of sorbitol/ D-glucitol
Ripe berries of Sorbus aucuparia
Electrolytic reduction or hydrogenation of glucose
100
TRUE/ FALSE:
Sorbitol is sweeter than sucrose
FALSE
Sorbitol is half as sweet as sucrose
101
Uses of sorbitol
Toothpaste, chewing gum, osmotic laxative, plasticizer of soft gel capsule
102
Oxidation/ dehydrogenation products of sugar
Sugar acid
103
Aldose + mild oxidizing agent (Nessler's - K2HgI4; Fehling's - CuSO4)
Aldonic acid
104
Aldose + moderate oxidizing agent (enzymes, oxidases)
Uronic acid
105
Aldose + strong oxidizing agent (concentrated nitric acid)
Aldaric acid
106
Cherry juice or succus cerasi is from the ripe fruit of?
Prunus ceranus, Rosaceae
107
Cherry juice contains [blank], which is the main cause of incompatibilities especially when added to preparations containing alcohol
Pectin
108
What is the remedy for gums and mucilages to become compatible with alcohol
0.1% benzoic acid, leave for 1 week
109
Constituent of cherry juice that is the only plant acid that does not carbonize
Malic acid
110
Use of cherry juice
Preparation of cherry syrup that is used to mask the sour taste of drugs
111
Aliphatic organic acids from plants with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 2 or 3 carboxyl groups
Plant acids
112
Uses of plant acids
Acidulant in effervescent preparations, component of buffer systems
113
Citric acid has how many carbons?
6
114
Is isolated by Scheele from lemon juice
Citric acid
115
Related acids of citric acid
Isocitric acid (isomer, Kreb's)
Acotinic acid (dehydrated form)
116
Ratio of citric to tartaric acid in making effervescent tablets
1:2
117
Too much citric acid in effervescent tablets
Sticky formulation
118
Too much tartaric acid in effervescent tablets
Crumbles easily
119
How many carbons does lactic acid have?
3
120
Use of lactic acid
Acidulant in infant feeding formula
121
Number of carbons in tartaric acid
4
122
Is a byproduct of the wine industry
Tartaric acid
123
Tartaric acid may be used as a substitute for?
Citric acid
124
Acetic acid has how many carbons?
2
125
Malic acid, which is found in apple, has how many carbons?
4
126
Oxalic acid has how many carbons
2
127
Oxalic acid is present in?
Kamias (Averrhoa balimbi, Oxalidaceae)
Balimbing (Averrhoa carambola)
Gabi (Colocasia esculenta)
128
Oxalic acid is the oxidation product of?
Ethylene glycol
129
Formic acid has how many carbons?
1
130
Formic acid is found in?
Ant bites, volatile poison (oxidation product of methanol poisoning)
131
TRUE/ FALSE:
Formic acid is a plant acid
FALSE
Formic acid is not a plant acid
132
Protocatechuic acid and shikimic acid have how many carbons?
7
133
Aconitic acid and ascorbic acid have how many carbons?
6
134
Is present in onion varieties which make it resistant to attacks of a particular fungus (molds)
Protocatechuic acid
135
Precursor of aromatic compounds/ amino acids
Shikimic acid
136
Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases
Ascorbic acid
137
A plant acid which serves a precursor of aromatic nonpolar amino acids:
Tartaric
Shikimic
Malic
Citric
Shikimic
