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Pharmacognosy > Must Know Pt.3 > Flashcards

Must Know Pt.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flexible collodion

A

Collodion + 2% camphor + 3% castor oil

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2
Q

Use of camphor in flexible collodion

A

Waterproofing

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3
Q

Use of castor oil in flexible collodion

A

Plasticizer (for flexibility)

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4
Q

Use of flexible collodion

A

Topical protectant

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5
Q

Is a homopolymer of N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine

A

Chitin

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6
Q

Where can chitin be found in nature?

A

Exoskeleton of crustacean
Cell wall of fungi

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7
Q

Reagent used to differentiate natural raw cotton and processed cotton

A

Schweitzer’s reagent

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8
Q

Under Schweitzer’s reagent, what is the confirmatory result for natural raw cotton?

A

Dissolves and breaks it into fragments

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9
Q

Under Schweitzer’s reagent, what is the confirmatory result for processed cotton?

A

It swells

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10
Q

The following sugars have fructose in its structure except for?
Sucrose
Raffinose
Lactose
Stachyose

A

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

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11
Q

The following have glucose in its structure except?
Trehalose
Starch
Inulin
Glycogen

A

Inulin (fructose)

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12
Q

The following are polysaccharides except?
Trehalose
Glycogen
Inulin
Starch

A

Trehalose (disaccharide)

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13
Q

Polysaccharides that yield more than one type of monosaccharide unit upon hydrolysis

A

Heteroglycans

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14
Q

Are natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides

A

Gums and mucilages

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15
Q

Acidic heteroglycans yield?

A

Uronic acids (oxidized) and pentoses

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16
Q

Mucilage as water-retaining vehicles (Althea root and psyllium seeds) are used as?

A

Laxative agents

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17
Q

In dosage form, mucilage is defined as?

A

Aqueous dispersion of gum

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18
Q

Are produced by plants as protective agents after injury, as solidified exudates

A

Gums

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19
Q

In dosage form, gums are known as?

A

Suspending or emulsifying agents

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20
Q

Gums are?

A

Natural plant hydrocolloids

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21
Q

5 classifications of gums

A

Shrub and tree exudates
Marine gums
Microbial gums
Plant extracts
Seed gums

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22
Q

Tragacanth or gum tragacanth is an exudate from?

A

Astragalus gummifer

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23
Q

Vermiform tragacanth

A

Natural injuries, worm-like, twisted into coils

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24
Q

Tragacanth sorts

A

Natural injuries, irregular, tear-like

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25
Q

Ribbon/ flake tragacanth gum

A

Man-made incision, longitudinal striations, more expensive

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26
Q

3 forms of tragacanth

A

Vermiform, Tragacanth sorts, Ribbon/ flake gum

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27
Q

A component of tragacanth known for its swelling property and is made up of 60-70% of it

A

Bassorin

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28
Q

Is a component of tragacanth that is water soluble and is made up of 30-40% of it

A

Tragacanthin

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29
Q

What is said to be the best grade of tragacanth?

A

Low tragacanthin, high bassorin

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30
Q

Use of tragacanth

A

Suspending agent, emulsifying agent (6%)

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31
Q

What pH does tragacanth work best in?

A

Low pH/ acidic, since it is resistant to acidic hydrolysis; therefore, it is resistant to creaming, cracking, and breaking

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32
Q

The exudate of acacia/ gum arabic comes from where

A

Acacia senegal

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33
Q

Is a complex mixture of Ca, Mg, and K salts of Arabic acid

A

Arabin

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34
Q

The best variety of Acacia and is transparent

A

Kordofan variety (from Sudan)

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35
Q

Use of acacia

A

Suspending agent (35%)

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36
Q

Is a gum whose exudate comes from Anogeissus latifolia

A

Ghatti/ Indian gum

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37
Q

Use of Ghatti gum?

A

Substitute for acacia gum (forms more viscous dispersions)

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38
Q

Is a gum whose exudate comes from Sterculia urens

A

Karaya/ Sterculia gum

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39
Q

Karaya gum forms what type of mucilage?

A

Discontinuous with obnoxious odor

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40
Q

Use of Karaya gum

A

Bulk laxative (Movicol), emulsifying agent, dental adhesive

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41
Q

Movicol is made up of?

A

Karaya gum and Frangula

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42
Q

Is a gum from Macrocystis porifera

A

Sodium alginate/ algin

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43
Q

What are the components of sodium alginate?

A

Salts of alginic and mannuronic acid (swelling property)

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44
Q

Uses of sodium alginate

A

Suspending agent, food industry (ice cream, chocolate), gastroprotectant (Gaviscon - Na alginate + Na bicarbonate + Ca carbonate)

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45
Q

Agar/ Japanese isinglass/ gulaman exudate is from?

A

Geladium cartilagineum
Gracilaria confervoides

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46
Q

Uses of agar

A

Stiffening agent in preparation of culture media, thickening agent

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47
Q

Components of agar

A

Agarose and agaropectin

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48
Q

A component of agar with low sulfate content and is responsible for gel strength

A

Agarose

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49
Q

A component of agar with high sulfate content and is responsible for swelling and viscosity

A

Agaropectin

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50
Q

Sources of Carrageenan/ Irish moss/ chondrus

A

Chondrus crispus
Irish moss (Gigartina mamillosa)

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51
Q

Are hydrocolloids from red algae or seaweeds

A

Carrageenan

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52
Q

3 forms of carrageenan

A

K-carrageenan, L-carrageenan; Y- carrageenan

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53
Q

Is a form of carrageenan with gelling property and is a translucent mixture

A

K- and L- carrageenan

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54
Q

Is a form of carrageenan with non-gelling property that is used as a thickener (colloidal solution)

A

Y-carrageenan

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55
Q

Carrageenan is a natural inducer of?

A

Inflammation (rat paw edema test)

56
Q

Inflammation in rat paw edema test is measured by?

A

Plethysmometer

57
Q

Is from the red algae Furcellaria fastigiata

A

Danish agar/ furcellaran

58
Q

Property of Danish agar that is similar to K-carrageenan

A

Gelatin and suspending agent

59
Q

Seed gums are also known as?

A

Bulk-forming laxatives

60
Q

Spanish or French psyllium seed

A

Plantago psyllium, P. indica

61
Q

Blonde psyllium or Indian plantago seed

A

Plantago ovata

62
Q

Plant part used from seed gums

A

Powdered seed coat

63
Q

Gum is from Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

Guar gum/ guaran

64
Q

Plant part used in guar gum

A

Powdered endosperm

65
Q

Gum is from Ceratonia siliqua

A

Locust bean gum/ St. John’s bread/ Carob pulp

66
Q

Part used in locust bean gum

A

Powder made from flesh of mature seed pods (“flour”)

67
Q

Uses of locust bean gum

A

Chocolate substitute, thickener, stabilizer

68
Q

Is a high MW gum prepared by the action of Xanthamonas campestris

A

Xanthan gum

69
Q

Xanthan gum produces what kind of property that is used in toothpastes and ointments?

A

Pseudoplastic properties

70
Q

A non-Newtonian flow wherein molecules break apart when stress is applied

A

Pseudoplastic/ shear-thinning

71
Q

Polyglucan formed from sucrose by the action of a transglucosylase enzyme system

A

Dextran

72
Q

Dextran is present where?

A

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

73
Q

Use of dextran

A

Plasma expander

74
Q

Are purified carbohydrates and are found in the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace

A

Pectin

75
Q

Uses of pectin

A

Protectant, suspending agent, antidiarrheal

76
Q

What is the principle of the protectant property of pectin?

A

Micelle formation (natural counterpart of activated charcoal - both are adsorbents)

77
Q

Types of pectin

A

Protopectin, soluble pectin, pectic acid

78
Q

Is a type of pectin found in unripe fruits

A

Protopectin (insoluble)

79
Q

Is a type of pectin found in ripe fruits

A

Soluble pectin

80
Q

Is a type of pectin found in overripe fruits

A

Pectic acid

81
Q

Insoluble protopectin is made soluble by?

A

Heating it with dilute acid to become soluble pectin

82
Q

What is pectinic acid?

A

Insoluble degradation product of overripe fruits

83
Q

Are amine-containing heteroglycans with beta-N-glycosidic bonds

A

Glycosaminoglycans

84
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan used as a supplement for osteoarthritis

A

Chondroitin sulfate

85
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is a component of bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

86
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is also a component of skin

A

Dermatan sulfate

87
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is sulfated found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone which acts as a cushion to mechanical shock

A

Keratan sulfate

88
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is anionic; it is a component of synovial fluid, which lubricates it

A

Hyaluronic acid

89
Q

An enzyme that is found in snake venom that degrades hyaluronic acid

A

Hyaluronan (spreading/ diffusing factor)

90
Q

Is composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, comprises the shells of crustaceans

A

Chitin

91
Q

Is an example of glycosaminoglycan that is a natural anticoagulant which works by inhibiting the action of thrombin

A

Heparin

92
Q

Are reduction/ hydrogenation products of sugar

A

Sugar alcohol

93
Q

Reduction is known as?

A

Hydrogenation

94
Q

Oxidation is known as?

A

Dehydrogenation

95
Q

Sources of mannitol

A

From reduction of mannose
From isolation of manna

96
Q

Manna is an exudate from?

A

Fraxinus ornus, Oleaceae

97
Q

Uses of mannitol

A

Diagnostic aid (glomerular filtration), osmotic diuretic

98
Q

TRUE/FALSE:
All sugars are diuretic.

A

TRUE

99
Q

Sources of sorbitol/ D-glucitol

A

Ripe berries of Sorbus aucuparia
Electrolytic reduction or hydrogenation of glucose

100
Q

TRUE/ FALSE:
Sorbitol is sweeter than sucrose

A

FALSE
Sorbitol is half as sweet as sucrose

101
Q

Uses of sorbitol

A

Toothpaste, chewing gum, osmotic laxative, plasticizer of soft gel capsule

102
Q

Oxidation/ dehydrogenation products of sugar

A

Sugar acid

103
Q

Aldose + mild oxidizing agent (Nessler’s - K2HgI4; Fehling’s - CuSO4)

A

Aldonic acid

104
Q

Aldose + moderate oxidizing agent (enzymes, oxidases)

A

Uronic acid

105
Q

Aldose + strong oxidizing agent (concentrated nitric acid)

A

Aldaric acid

106
Q

Cherry juice or succus cerasi is from the ripe fruit of?

A

Prunus ceranus, Rosaceae

107
Q

Cherry juice contains [blank], which is the main cause of incompatibilities especially when added to preparations containing alcohol

A

Pectin

108
Q

What is the remedy for gums and mucilages to become compatible with alcohol

A

0.1% benzoic acid, leave for 1 week

109
Q

Constituent of cherry juice that is the only plant acid that does not carbonize

A

Malic acid

110
Q

Use of cherry juice

A

Preparation of cherry syrup that is used to mask the sour taste of drugs

111
Q

Aliphatic organic acids from plants with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 2 or 3 carboxyl groups

A

Plant acids

112
Q

Uses of plant acids

A

Acidulant in effervescent preparations, component of buffer systems

113
Q

Citric acid has how many carbons?

A

6

114
Q

Is isolated by Scheele from lemon juice

A

Citric acid

115
Q

Related acids of citric acid

A

Isocitric acid (isomer, Kreb’s)
Acotinic acid (dehydrated form)

116
Q

Ratio of citric to tartaric acid in making effervescent tablets

A

1:2

117
Q

Too much citric acid in effervescent tablets

A

Sticky formulation

118
Q

Too much tartaric acid in effervescent tablets

A

Crumbles easily

119
Q

How many carbons does lactic acid have?

A

3

120
Q

Use of lactic acid

A

Acidulant in infant feeding formula

121
Q

Number of carbons in tartaric acid

A

4

122
Q

Is a byproduct of the wine industry

A

Tartaric acid

123
Q

Tartaric acid may be used as a substitute for?

A

Citric acid

124
Q

Acetic acid has how many carbons?

A

2

125
Q

Malic acid, which is found in apple, has how many carbons?

A

4

126
Q

Oxalic acid has how many carbons

A

2

127
Q

Oxalic acid is present in?

A

Kamias (Averrhoa balimbi, Oxalidaceae)
Balimbing (Averrhoa carambola)
Gabi (Colocasia esculenta)

128
Q

Oxalic acid is the oxidation product of?

A

Ethylene glycol

129
Q

Formic acid has how many carbons?

A

1

130
Q

Formic acid is found in?

A

Ant bites, volatile poison (oxidation product of methanol poisoning)

131
Q

TRUE/ FALSE:
Formic acid is a plant acid

A

FALSE
Formic acid is not a plant acid

132
Q

Protocatechuic acid and shikimic acid have how many carbons?

A

7

133
Q

Aconitic acid and ascorbic acid have how many carbons?

A

6

134
Q

Is present in onion varieties which make it resistant to attacks of a particular fungus (molds)

A

Protocatechuic acid

135
Q

Precursor of aromatic compounds/ amino acids

A

Shikimic acid

136
Q

Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases

A

Ascorbic acid

137
Q

A plant acid which serves a precursor of aromatic nonpolar amino acids:
Tartaric
Shikimic
Malic
Citric

A

Shikimic

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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