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Pharmacognosy > Must Know Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Must Know Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 sciences involved in pharmacognosy

A

Biologic, biochemical, and economic

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2
Q

Purpose of molecular pharmacognosy

A

Lessen toxicity and increase percentage yield

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3
Q

What kind of sources would molecular pharmacognosy apply to?

A

Plants and animals only (since they have genes)

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4
Q

Who discovered various scrolls of papers containing 600-700 citations of drugs from plants and animals?

A

George Ebers

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5
Q

Who is Pedanios Dioscorides?

A

Father of Pharmacology
Wrote De Materia Medica, which contains 600 plants known to have medicinal properties

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6
Q

The 2 books of Claudius Galen

A

On the Art of Healing
The Herbal

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7
Q

What is Claudius Galen known for?

A

He was the Father of Extemporaneous Compounding, known for his galenicals, particularly the Galen’s Cerate

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8
Q

Give examples of galenicals

A

Galen’s cerate aka cold cream
Simple syrup
Serum
Cataplasm
Ointment
Tincture
Poultice

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9
Q

Give the names of the people who first coined or used the term Pharmacognosy

A

Coined - CA Seydler
Used - Johann Adam Schmidt

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10
Q

Who was Fluckiger?

A

He presented the most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy

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11
Q

The dissertation of the person who coined the term Pharmacognosy

A

Analectica Pharmacognostica

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12
Q

The book of the person who first used the term Pharmacognosy

A

Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

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13
Q

He stated that Pharmacognosy is more than just a botanical science; it became a chemical science

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim aka Paracelsus

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14
Q

The first isolate

A

Quintessence

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15
Q

Differentiate crude drug from crude extract

A

Crude drug is a natural substance which has only undergone collection and drying

Crude extract is a natural substance which has undergone collection, drying, and addition of menstruum/ solvent

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16
Q

Define menstruum

A

Solvent which dissolves the chief constituents depending on polarity

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17
Q

Define marc

A

Residue, undissolved portion after extraction

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18
Q

Extractive/ Derivative/ Extract

A

Chief constituent of the drug, product of extraction process

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19
Q

Define indigenous plants

A

Plants growing in their native regions without human intervention

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20
Q

Define endemic plants

A

Plants that are native or restricted in one place; without human intervention

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21
Q

Define naturalized plants

A

Plants that grow in a foreign land other than their native homes; with human intervention

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22
Q

5 steps in the preparation of crude drug

A

Collection, harvesting, drying, garbling, and packaging, storing and preservation

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23
Q

Differentiate collection and harvesting

A

Collection is gathering sample from the wild, ensuring proper time to have a quality material

Harvesting is gathering of cultivated sample for experiment and may be by hand or mechanical means (digitalis); own farm

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24
Q

Define drying

A

Removal of moisture to protect from microbial damage, fixing the constituents, facilitate comminution or reducing bulk

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25
This is a special method of drying that tries to do two things: either enhance active principles or inactivate toxic principles
Curing
26
Known as the final step in the preparation of crude drug wherein there is physical or mechanical removal of extraneous matter
Garbling
27
Differentiate direct from indirect garbling
Direct garbling - collect needed parts during collection or harvesting; applicable to perennial plants Indirect garbling - removal of extraneous parts is done after drying; applicable to annual plants; aka the final step in preparing crude drugs
28
State different methods of preserving crude drugs from insect attacks
Exposure to below 65 degrees (simplest) Fumigation with methyl bromide Addition of CCl4 to crude extract Placing it in the oven (for crude drug only)
29
TRUE/ FALSE: Extracts are self-preserving
TRUE
30
TRUE/ FALSE: Crude extracts are not self-preserving, which is why it necessitates the addition of CCl4 or refrigeration
TRUE
31
State the 3 types of crude extracts and define each.
Pilular/ plastic - plastic consistency wherein all solvents are evaporated Syrupy/ semi-liquid - 20 mL of liquid is retained Powdered - carbohydrate-rich or starchy consistency
32
5 methods of extraction
Percolation, maceration, digestion, decoction, and infusion
33
Differentiate percolation from maceration
Both submerge their solute in a solvent for 48 to 72 hours using the principle of gravity Percolation uses a specific container (column/ percolator or conical equipment) Maceration uses no specific container
34
Define infusion
Passing of cold or hot water to the solute (like tea)
35
Define decoction
Boiling in water for 15 minutes; have to lyophilize to be preserved since it is not self-preserving
36
Define digestion
Applying gentle heat below 50 degrees
37
What is the Soxhlet extractor?
Used in a form of digestion process used for volatile or flammable solvents
38
Out of all the methods of extraction, which one is preferred to be used in research?
Percolation
39
5 ways to evaluate drugs
Organoleptic, microscopic, biologic, chemical, and physical
40
Define organoleptic evaluation
Macroscopic evaluation by means of senses or organs
41
Define microscopic evaluation
Identification of pure, powdered drug
42
Define biologic evaluation
Use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity
43
What are some living organisms used for biologic evaluation?
Cats - glucagon and atropine Sheep - heparin and protamine sulfate Pigeon - digitalis and digoxin Rabbits - insulin and tubocurarine
44
Define chemical evaluation
Best method for determining potency, includes quantitative and qualitative assays
45
Define physical evaluation
Application of physical constants to active principles of drugs (optical rotation, refractive index, melting point)
46
4 classifications of drugs
Based on morphology, taxonomic/ zoologic/ botanic, pharmacologic/ therapeutic, and chemical
47
Define morphologic classification
Drugs are grouped according to the part used
48
Define taxonomic/ botanic/ zoologic classification
Drugs are grouped according to phylogeny or the natural relationship existing among plants and animals
49
Give the new names of the old families: a. Cruciferae b. Compositae c. Gramineae d. Umbelliferae e. Palmae f. Leguminosae g. Labiatae h. Guttiferae
a. Brassicaceae b. Asteraceae c. Poaceae d. Apiaceae e. Areceae f. Fabaceae g. Lamiaceae h. Clusiaceae
50
Define pharmacologic/ therapeutic classification
Drugs are grouped based on activity or how they are employed medicinally
51
Define chemical classification
Drugs are grouped based on the active constituents that are present
52
Among the different classifications of drugs, which one is the preferred method for study
Chemical classification
53
Differentiate constituent from active constituents
Constituent is a mixture of substances Active constituents are isolated constituents that is either pharmacologically or pharmaceutically active
54
Differentiate primary from secondary metabolites
Primary metabolites are used for growth, structure, function, and reproduction Secondary metabolites are responsible for therapeutic properties
55
Give the primary metabolites
Carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and nucleic acids
56
This is known as the process of producing secondary metabolites
Drug biosynthesis or biogenesis
57
3 factors that influence biogenesis
Ontogeny/ stage of development, environment, and heredity
58
Define adulteration
Debasement of an article
59
This is a type of adulteration wherein it is a substandard drug regardless of the cause
Inferiority
60
This is a type of adulteration wherein the quality has been impaired by the action of bacteria or fungi and is no longer fit for human consumption
Spoilage
61
This is a type of adulteration wherein there is destruction of active constituents due to aging or bacteria
Deterioration
62
This is a type of adulteration wherein there is unintentional addition of an article to another
Admixture
63
This is type of adulteration wherein only a part is replaced. This is also intentional, known as true adulteration
Sophistication
64
This is a type of adulteration wherein there is total replacement of what is required. It is also intentional, known as the worst kind of adulteration
Substitution
65
Define carbohydrates
Are polyhydroxy alcohols that can be an aldehyde or a ketone
66
What is the general formula for carbohydrates
Cn(H2O)n
67
Define monosaccharides
Are simple sugars, only contain 1 sugar unit and can no longer be hydrolyzed Are crystalline, water-soluble, and sweet
68
What is the most important monosaccharide in plants?
Hexoses
69
2 classifications of monosaccharides based on functional groups
Aldose and ketose
70
2-carbon sugar
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
71
3-carbon sugar
Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone
72
4-carbon sugar
Erythrose, Threose, Erythrulose
73
5-carbon sugar
Ribose, Arabinose, Ribulose
74
6-carbon sugar
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose (aka levulose)
75
7-carbon sugar
Sedoheptulose
76
8-carbon sugar
Glycero-manno-octulose
77
Where is glycero-manno-octulose found?
In avocado pulp and Sedum
78
The simplest synthetic sugar
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
79
The simplest natural aldose and ketose
Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
80
Linear configuration of carbohydrates
Fischer projection
81
Cyclic configuration of carbohydrates
Haworth projection
82
Differentiate anomeric, carbonyl, and penultimate carbon
Anomeric - carbon with two oxygens; basis for alpha and beta sugars Carbonyl - carbon double bonded with oxygen Penultimate - farthest chiral carbon
83
Formula for isomers
2^n, where n is the number of chiral carbons
84
Differentiate diastereomer, epimer, and enantiomer. Give 1 example each
Diastereomer - differ in 2 or more chiral carbons. Arabinose and Xylose (C2 and C3) Epimer - differ in one chiral carbon. Arabinose and Ribose (C2) Glucose and Mannose (C2) Enantiomer - mirror images, all chiral carbons switched. Rhamnose and Mannose (C2 and C3)
85
Define glucose
Aldohexose AKA blood sugar, physiologic sugar, grape sugar, corn sugar The only sugar that is utilizable in the blood
86
2 sources of glucose
Natural - grapes Another source - enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
87
What is D5050?
50% glucose in 50 cc of water, used for hypoglycemic, comatose, or alcohol-intoxicated patients
88
A test used to confirm the presence of glucose
Benedict's Test (for reducing sugars)
89
Give 2 pharmaceutical substances with glucose
Calcium gluconate and calcium gluceptate - both are sources of calcium for ethylen glycol poisoning (hypocalcemia)
90
What is liquid glucose?
Thick, syrupy liquid from incomplete hydrolysis of starch
91
Give the natural sources of fructose
Fruits and honey Hydrolysis of inulin
92
Give another source of fructose
Isomerization of glucose by Streptomyces through the enzyme, glucose isomerase
93
Bond that exists within fructose
Fructofuranose polymer linked by B-2, 1 bond
94
Uses of fructose
Food for diabetic people Infant feeding formula Fructose injection
95
What is a characteristic fructose is known for?
Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide
96
Give the tests for reducing sugars
Use of copper sulfate (CuSO4), yielding gluconic acid and Cu2O (brick red ppt) Barfoed - CuSO4 + HAc (acidic medium) Benedict's - CuSO4 + Na2CO3 (basic medium) Fehling's A - CuSO4
97
What is galactose?
An aldohexose and a C4 epimer of glucose
98
Sources of galactose
Lactose (milk) and galactoceramides (neuronal fibers)
99
Test for galactose
Mucic acid test Galactose + conc nitric acid = Galactaric acid (violet ring)
100
What is galactosemia?
Affects the body's ability to convert galactose to glucose

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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