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Pharmacognosy > Must Know Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Must Know Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 sciences involved in pharmacognosy

A

Biologic, biochemical, and economic

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2
Q

Purpose of molecular pharmacognosy

A

Lessen toxicity and increase percentage yield

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3
Q

What kind of sources would molecular pharmacognosy apply to?

A

Plants and animals only (since they have genes)

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4
Q

Who discovered various scrolls of papers containing 600-700 citations of drugs from plants and animals?

A

George Ebers

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5
Q

Who is Pedanios Dioscorides?

A

Father of Pharmacology
Wrote De Materia Medica, which contains 600 plants known to have medicinal properties

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6
Q

The 2 books of Claudius Galen

A

On the Art of Healing
The Herbal

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7
Q

What is Claudius Galen known for?

A

He was the Father of Extemporaneous Compounding, known for his galenicals, particularly the Galen’s Cerate

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8
Q

Give examples of galenicals

A

Galen’s cerate aka cold cream
Simple syrup
Serum
Cataplasm
Ointment
Tincture
Poultice

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9
Q

Give the names of the people who first coined or used the term Pharmacognosy

A

Coined - CA Seydler
Used - Johann Adam Schmidt

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10
Q

Who was Fluckiger?

A

He presented the most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy

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11
Q

The dissertation of the person who coined the term Pharmacognosy

A

Analectica Pharmacognostica

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12
Q

The book of the person who first used the term Pharmacognosy

A

Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

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13
Q

He stated that Pharmacognosy is more than just a botanical science; it became a chemical science

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim aka Paracelsus

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14
Q

The first isolate

A

Quintessence

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15
Q

Differentiate crude drug from crude extract

A

Crude drug is a natural substance which has only undergone collection and drying

Crude extract is a natural substance which has undergone collection, drying, and addition of menstruum/ solvent

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16
Q

Define menstruum

A

Solvent which dissolves the chief constituents depending on polarity

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17
Q

Define marc

A

Residue, undissolved portion after extraction

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18
Q

Extractive/ Derivative/ Extract

A

Chief constituent of the drug, product of extraction process

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19
Q

Define indigenous plants

A

Plants growing in their native regions without human intervention

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20
Q

Define endemic plants

A

Plants that are native or restricted in one place; without human intervention

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21
Q

Define naturalized plants

A

Plants that grow in a foreign land other than their native homes; with human intervention

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22
Q

5 steps in the preparation of crude drug

A

Collection, harvesting, drying, garbling, and packaging, storing and preservation

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23
Q

Differentiate collection and harvesting

A

Collection is gathering sample from the wild, ensuring proper time to have a quality material

Harvesting is gathering of cultivated sample for experiment and may be by hand or mechanical means (digitalis); own farm

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24
Q

Define drying

A

Removal of moisture to protect from microbial damage, fixing the constituents, facilitate comminution or reducing bulk

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25
Q

This is a special method of drying that tries to do two things: either enhance active principles or inactivate toxic principles

A

Curing

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26
Q

Known as the final step in the preparation of crude drug wherein there is physical or mechanical removal of extraneous matter

A

Garbling

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27
Q

Differentiate direct from indirect garbling

A

Direct garbling - collect needed parts during collection or harvesting; applicable to perennial plants

Indirect garbling - removal of extraneous parts is done after drying; applicable to annual plants; aka the final step in preparing crude drugs

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28
Q

State different methods of preserving crude drugs from insect attacks

A

Exposure to below 65 degrees (simplest)
Fumigation with methyl bromide
Addition of CCl4 to crude extract
Placing it in the oven (for crude drug only)

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29
Q

TRUE/ FALSE: Extracts are self-preserving

A

TRUE

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30
Q

TRUE/ FALSE: Crude extracts are not self-preserving, which is why it necessitates the addition of CCl4 or refrigeration

A

TRUE

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31
Q

State the 3 types of crude extracts and define each.

A

Pilular/ plastic - plastic consistency wherein all solvents are evaporated

Syrupy/ semi-liquid - 20 mL of liquid is retained

Powdered - carbohydrate-rich or starchy consistency

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32
Q

5 methods of extraction

A

Percolation, maceration, digestion, decoction, and infusion

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33
Q

Differentiate percolation from maceration

A

Both submerge their solute in a solvent for 48 to 72 hours using the principle of gravity

Percolation uses a specific container (column/ percolator or conical equipment)

Maceration uses no specific container

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34
Q

Define infusion

A

Passing of cold or hot water to the solute (like tea)

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35
Q

Define decoction

A

Boiling in water for 15 minutes; have to lyophilize to be preserved since it is not self-preserving

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36
Q

Define digestion

A

Applying gentle heat below 50 degrees

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37
Q

What is the Soxhlet extractor?

A

Used in a form of digestion process used for volatile or flammable solvents

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38
Q

Out of all the methods of extraction, which one is preferred to be used in research?

A

Percolation

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39
Q

5 ways to evaluate drugs

A

Organoleptic, microscopic, biologic, chemical, and physical

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40
Q

Define organoleptic evaluation

A

Macroscopic evaluation by means of senses or organs

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41
Q

Define microscopic evaluation

A

Identification of pure, powdered drug

42
Q

Define biologic evaluation

A

Use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity

43
Q

What are some living organisms used for biologic evaluation?

A

Cats - glucagon and atropine
Sheep - heparin and protamine sulfate
Pigeon - digitalis and digoxin
Rabbits - insulin and tubocurarine

44
Q

Define chemical evaluation

A

Best method for determining potency, includes quantitative and qualitative assays

45
Q

Define physical evaluation

A

Application of physical constants to active principles of drugs (optical rotation, refractive index, melting point)

46
Q

4 classifications of drugs

A

Based on morphology, taxonomic/ zoologic/ botanic, pharmacologic/ therapeutic, and chemical

47
Q

Define morphologic classification

A

Drugs are grouped according to the part used

48
Q

Define taxonomic/ botanic/ zoologic classification

A

Drugs are grouped according to phylogeny or the natural relationship existing among plants and animals

49
Q

Give the new names of the old families:

a. Cruciferae
b. Compositae
c. Gramineae
d. Umbelliferae
e. Palmae
f. Leguminosae
g. Labiatae
h. Guttiferae

A

a. Brassicaceae
b. Asteraceae
c. Poaceae
d. Apiaceae
e. Areceae
f. Fabaceae
g. Lamiaceae
h. Clusiaceae

50
Q

Define pharmacologic/ therapeutic classification

A

Drugs are grouped based on activity or how they are employed medicinally

51
Q

Define chemical classification

A

Drugs are grouped based on the active constituents that are present

52
Q

Among the different classifications of drugs, which one is the preferred method for study

A

Chemical classification

53
Q

Differentiate constituent from active constituents

A

Constituent is a mixture of substances

Active constituents are isolated constituents that is either pharmacologically or pharmaceutically active

54
Q

Differentiate primary from secondary metabolites

A

Primary metabolites are used for growth, structure, function, and reproduction

Secondary metabolites are responsible for therapeutic properties

55
Q

Give the primary metabolites

A

Carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and nucleic acids

56
Q

This is known as the process of producing secondary metabolites

A

Drug biosynthesis or biogenesis

57
Q

3 factors that influence biogenesis

A

Ontogeny/ stage of development, environment, and heredity

58
Q

Define adulteration

A

Debasement of an article

59
Q

This is a type of adulteration wherein it is a substandard drug regardless of the cause

A

Inferiority

60
Q

This is a type of adulteration wherein the quality has been impaired by the action of bacteria or fungi and is no longer fit for human consumption

A

Spoilage

61
Q

This is a type of adulteration wherein there is destruction of active constituents due to aging or bacteria

A

Deterioration

62
Q

This is a type of adulteration wherein there is unintentional addition of an article to another

A

Admixture

63
Q

This is type of adulteration wherein only a part is replaced. This is also intentional, known as true adulteration

A

Sophistication

64
Q

This is a type of adulteration wherein there is total replacement of what is required. It is also intentional, known as the worst kind of adulteration

A

Substitution

65
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Are polyhydroxy alcohols that can be an aldehyde or a ketone

66
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

67
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

Are simple sugars, only contain 1 sugar unit and can no longer be hydrolyzed

Are crystalline, water-soluble, and sweet

68
Q

What is the most important monosaccharide in plants?

A

Hexoses

69
Q

2 classifications of monosaccharides based on functional groups

A

Aldose and ketose

70
Q

2-carbon sugar

A

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

71
Q

3-carbon sugar

A

Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

72
Q

4-carbon sugar

A

Erythrose, Threose, Erythrulose

73
Q

5-carbon sugar

A

Ribose, Arabinose, Ribulose

74
Q

6-carbon sugar

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose (aka levulose)

75
Q

7-carbon sugar

A

Sedoheptulose

76
Q

8-carbon sugar

A

Glycero-manno-octulose

77
Q

Where is glycero-manno-octulose found?

A

In avocado pulp and Sedum

78
Q

The simplest synthetic sugar

A

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

79
Q

The simplest natural aldose and ketose

A

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

80
Q

Linear configuration of carbohydrates

A

Fischer projection

81
Q

Cyclic configuration of carbohydrates

A

Haworth projection

82
Q

Differentiate anomeric, carbonyl, and penultimate carbon

A

Anomeric - carbon with two oxygens; basis for alpha and beta sugars

Carbonyl - carbon double bonded with oxygen

Penultimate - farthest chiral carbon

83
Q

Formula for isomers

A

2^n, where n is the number of chiral carbons

84
Q

Differentiate diastereomer, epimer, and enantiomer. Give 1 example each

A

Diastereomer - differ in 2 or more chiral carbons. Arabinose and Xylose (C2 and C3)

Epimer - differ in one chiral carbon. Arabinose and Ribose (C2)
Glucose and Mannose (C2)

Enantiomer - mirror images, all chiral carbons switched. Rhamnose and Mannose (C2 and C3)

85
Q

Define glucose

A

Aldohexose
AKA blood sugar, physiologic sugar, grape sugar, corn sugar
The only sugar that is utilizable in the blood

86
Q

2 sources of glucose

A

Natural - grapes

Another source - enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

87
Q

What is D5050?

A

50% glucose in 50 cc of water, used for hypoglycemic, comatose, or alcohol-intoxicated patients

88
Q

A test used to confirm the presence of glucose

A

Benedict’s Test (for reducing sugars)

89
Q

Give 2 pharmaceutical substances with glucose

A

Calcium gluconate and calcium gluceptate - both are sources of calcium for ethylen glycol poisoning (hypocalcemia)

90
Q

What is liquid glucose?

A

Thick, syrupy liquid from incomplete hydrolysis of starch

91
Q

Give the natural sources of fructose

A

Fruits and honey
Hydrolysis of inulin

92
Q

Give another source of fructose

A

Isomerization of glucose by Streptomyces through the enzyme, glucose isomerase

93
Q

Bond that exists within fructose

A

Fructofuranose polymer linked by B-2, 1 bond

94
Q

Uses of fructose

A

Food for diabetic people
Infant feeding formula
Fructose injection

95
Q

What is a characteristic fructose is known for?

A

Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide

96
Q

Give the tests for reducing sugars

A

Use of copper sulfate (CuSO4), yielding gluconic acid and Cu2O (brick red ppt)

Barfoed - CuSO4 + HAc (acidic medium)

Benedict’s - CuSO4 + Na2CO3 (basic medium)

Fehling’s A - CuSO4

97
Q

What is galactose?

A

An aldohexose and a C4 epimer of glucose

98
Q

Sources of galactose

A

Lactose (milk) and galactoceramides (neuronal fibers)

99
Q

Test for galactose

A

Mucic acid test
Galactose + conc nitric acid = Galactaric acid (violet ring)

100
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

Affects the body’s ability to convert galactose to glucose

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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