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Pharmacognosy > Must Know Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Must Know Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the other names for fructose?

A

Levulose
Fruit sugar

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2
Q

In what form does fructose occur in nature?

A

Furanose

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3
Q

In what form does fructose occur in isolation?

A

Crystalline pyranose

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4
Q

Xylose is also known as?

A

Wood sugar

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5
Q

What are the natural sources of xylose?

A

Corn cobs, straws, heartwood of deciduous trees, and other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze xylan

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6
Q

What are the uses of xylose?

A

Diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption

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7
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Composed of 2 monosaccharide units
Formed via dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

What type of bond exists in disaccharides?

A

Ether glycosidic bond

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9
Q

Sucrose is also known as?

A

Table sugar/ saccharum

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10
Q

Sucrose is formed by which bond?

A

Glucose + fructose
Alpha-1, 2 glycosidic bond

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11
Q

Will sucrose be positive on Barfoed, Fehling, Benedict, or Tollen?

A

No, because it is not a reducing sugar (reducing sugars have free carbonyl carbon)

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12
Q

What are the natural sources of sucrose?

A

Sugar cane (Saccharum officinale, Poaceae)
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae)
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Aceraceae)

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13
Q

Give the uses of sucrose

A

Pharmaceutic necessity for syrups; demulcent; nutrient; preservative

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14
Q

What are molasses?

A

Residual, dark colored syrup after crystallization process
Byproduct of table sugar production from sugar cane

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15
Q

What is an invert sugar?

A

Produced upon hydrolysis of sucrose, which results to equimolar amounts of fructose and glucose

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16
Q

When does an invert sugar darken?

A

If there are more fructose than glucose

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17
Q

Trehalose is a disaccharide found where?

A

In brown seaweed; distributed widely in fungi

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18
Q

Bond that exists in trehalose

A

Glucose + glucose
Alpha-1, 1 glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Terms that also refer to maltose

A

Malt sugar
Beer sugar

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20
Q

Maltose is produced in large quantities by the?

A

Hydrolysis of starch during germination of barley

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21
Q

Where is maltose primarily used?

A

Beer production

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22
Q

The one responsible for the bitter taste in beers

A

Hops (Humulus lupulus)

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23
Q

Crude drug for the one responsible for the bitterness of beers

A

Lupulin (reddish brown powder)

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24
Q

The cone of the one responsible for the bitterness of beers and contains two bitter principles (humulone and lupulone)

A

Strobile

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25
Q

Bonds within maltose

A

Glucose + glucose
Alpha- 1,4 glycosidic bond

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26
Q

Referred to as milk sugar

A

Lactose

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27
Q

Source of lactose

A

Crystallization of whey, a by-product of cheese production

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28
Q

Use of lactose

A

Tablet diluent

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29
Q

Bonds within lactose

A

Glucose + galactose
Beta-1, 4 glycosidic bond

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30
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Absence of enzyme lactase or beta-galactosidase, which results to GI disturbance and diarrhea)

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31
Q

Churned milk; fat globules that has risen to the top

A

Butter

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32
Q

Removed after production of butter; minute or microemulsions of fats

A

Buttermilk

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33
Q

Milk without cream

A

Skimmed milk

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34
Q

Coagulating enzyme found in the stomach of mammals

A

Rennin

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35
Q

Formed coagulum

A

Cheese

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36
Q

Liquid left after formed coagulum

A

Whey

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37
Q

Churning

A

Letting it stand, no disturbances

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38
Q

Creaming

A

Letting fat globules rise at the top

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39
Q

Partially evaporated milk

A

Condensed milk

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40
Q

Milk evaporated with malt extract from barley (Hordeum vulgare)

A

Malted milk

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41
Q

What is Kumyss?

A

Alcoholic beverage from fermented mare’s milk originating from Central Asia

42
Q

What is lactulose?

A

Synthetic sugar from the tautomerization of lactose

43
Q

Alkaline rearrangement of ketone to enol

A

Tautomerization

44
Q

Uses of lactulose

A

Laxative (Duphalac)
Decreases blood ammonia concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy

45
Q

Principle of lactulose being a laxative

A

It is poorly absorbed and stays in the GIT. Bacteria converts it to acetic acid and lactic acid, which are both irritants, and increases peristalsis

46
Q

Are constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert in a rapid equilibrium

A

Tautomers

47
Q

Most common tautomeric relation in organic chemistry

A

Keto-enol tautomerization

48
Q

How many glucoses makes up maltotriose?

A

3

49
Q

Products of partial hydrolysis of starch (amylase or glucosidase)

A

Dextrins/ Limiting dextrins

50
Q

How is dextrin used in breads?

A

Responsible for browning of bread

51
Q

Amylase degrades what bonds?

A

Alpha-1, 4

52
Q

Degrades alpha-1,6 bonds

A

Alpha-glucosidase

53
Q

What type of oligosaccharide is this:
Glucose + glucose + fructose

A

Gentianose

54
Q

Raffinose

A

Glucose + galactose + fructose

55
Q

What type of oligosaccharide is this:
Glucose + galactose + galactose + fructose

A

Stachyose

56
Q

Which spp does Gentianose come from?

A

Gentiana spp

57
Q

Which spp does Stachyose come from?

A

Stachys japonica

58
Q

Raffinose comes from where?

A

Seeds, like cottonseed

59
Q

2 possible functions of polysaccharides

A

Storage and structure

60
Q

2 types of polysaccharides

A

Homoglycans/ homopolysaccharides
Heteroglycans

61
Q

Also known as glucosan

A

Starch

62
Q

What is glucosan?

A

Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants

63
Q

Natural sources of starch

A

Corn grain (Zea mays)
Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum)
Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum)

64
Q

Uses of starch

A

Dusting powder, tablet filler, binder, disintegrant, antidote to I2 poisoning

65
Q

Describe amylose

A

Linear
has alpha-1,4 bonds
Produces deep blue color in iodine test
25% or 250-300 glucose units

66
Q

Describe amylopectin

A

Branches every 25-30
Has alpha-1,4 and alpha 1,6 bonds
Is purple in iodine test
75% or 1000 glucose units
Paste forming property of starch

67
Q

What is pregelatinized starch?

A

Starch processed to rupture all or part of granules in the presence of water

68
Q

What is sodium starch glycolate?

A

Is a starch preparation used as a tablet disintegrant

69
Q

What is hetastarch?

A

Semisynthetic material used as a plasma expander (6%); composed of 90% amylopectin

70
Q

Is the enzyme present in pancreatic juice (amylopsin) and saliva (ptyalin)

A

Alpha-amylases

71
Q

Which links do alpha-amylases split?

A

Alpha-1,4 links

72
Q

Are the end products of alpha amylases

A

Mixture of glucose, maltose, amylopectin

73
Q

Removes maltose unit from non-reducing end of polysaccharides

A

Beta-amylases

74
Q

Which links do beta-amylases split?

A

Alpha-1,4 bonds

75
Q

End product of beta amylases

A

Pure maltose

76
Q

At each branching point of beta-amylases, there are?

A

Maltose and dextrins (due to incomplete hydrolysis)

77
Q

Starch is to plants as [blank] is to animals

A

Glycogen

78
Q

Other terms for glycogen

A

Glucosan
Animal starch

79
Q

Frequency of branching of glucosan

A

Every 10 units, branched in alpha-1,6

80
Q

TRUE/ FALSE:
Glycogen is more highly branched than starch

A

TRUE

81
Q

Glycogen in iodine test yields what color?

A

Wine red

82
Q

What process produces glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

83
Q

Polymer of fructose; also known as fructosan

A

Inulin/ hydrous inulin

84
Q

Bonds within inulin

A

Beta-2,1

85
Q

What is inulin rich in?

A

Fiber

86
Q

Use of inulin

A

Measurement of renal glomerular filtration

87
Q

Dextran is linked by?

A

Alpha-1,6 bonds
Branching due to alpha-1,3 bonds

88
Q

Responsible for the conversion of sucrose to dextran

A

Leuconostoc mesenteroides’ dextran sucrase/ transglycosylase

89
Q

Use of dextran

A

Plasma expander (10%)

90
Q

What is iron dextran?

A

IV iron supplement used when oral iron is not tolerated

91
Q

Part of a plant’s cell wall responsible for its rigidity

A

Cellulose

92
Q

Bonds within cellulose

A

Polymers of glucose with beta-1,4 bonds

93
Q

This enzyme is not present on mammalian enzyme systems, which inhibits their digestion of cellulose

A

Cellulase

94
Q

Natural source of cellulose

A

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae)
Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)

95
Q

Cellulose is known on earth as?

A

The most abundant organic compound

96
Q

Methylcellulose

A

Bulk laxative and suspending agent

97
Q

Ethylcellulose

A

Tablet binder and film coat

98
Q

Cellulose acetate pthalate

A

Enteric coating for tablets

99
Q

Pyroxylin/ soluble guncotton/ cellulose tetranitrate

A

Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton/cellulose to produce collodion

100
Q

Ratio of alcohol to ether to produce collodion

A

1:3

Pharmacognosy (3 decks)

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