Must Know Pt. 2 Flashcards by KAITLYN DANIELLE AZURIN

What are the other names for fructose?

Levulose
Fruit sugar

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In what form does fructose occur in nature?

Furanose

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In what form does fructose occur in isolation?

Crystalline pyranose

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Xylose is also known as?

Wood sugar

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What are the natural sources of xylose?

Corn cobs, straws, heartwood of deciduous trees, and other materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze xylan

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What are the uses of xylose?

Diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption

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What are disaccharides?

Composed of 2 monosaccharide units
Formed via dehydration synthesis

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What type of bond exists in disaccharides?

Ether glycosidic bond

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Sucrose is also known as?

Table sugar/ saccharum

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Sucrose is formed by which bond?

Glucose + fructose
Alpha-1, 2 glycosidic bond

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Will sucrose be positive on Barfoed, Fehling, Benedict, or Tollen?

No, because it is not a reducing sugar (reducing sugars have free carbonyl carbon)

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What are the natural sources of sucrose?

Sugar cane (Saccharum officinale, Poaceae)
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae)
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Aceraceae)

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Give the uses of sucrose

Pharmaceutic necessity for syrups; demulcent; nutrient; preservative

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What are molasses?

Residual, dark colored syrup after crystallization process
Byproduct of table sugar production from sugar cane

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What is an invert sugar?

Produced upon hydrolysis of sucrose, which results to equimolar amounts of fructose and glucose

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When does an invert sugar darken?

If there are more fructose than glucose

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Trehalose is a disaccharide found where?

In brown seaweed; distributed widely in fungi

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Bond that exists in trehalose

Glucose + glucose
Alpha-1, 1 glycosidic bond

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Terms that also refer to maltose

Malt sugar
Beer sugar

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Maltose is produced in large quantities by the?

Hydrolysis of starch during germination of barley

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Where is maltose primarily used?

Beer production

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The one responsible for the bitter taste in beers

Hops (Humulus lupulus)

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Crude drug for the one responsible for the bitterness of beers

Lupulin (reddish brown powder)

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The cone of the one responsible for the bitterness of beers and contains two bitter principles (humulone and lupulone)

Strobile

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Bonds within maltose

Glucose + glucose Alpha- 1,4 glycosidic bond

Referred to as milk sugar

Lactose

Source of lactose

Crystallization of whey, a by-product of cheese production

Use of lactose

Tablet diluent

Bonds within lactose

Glucose + galactose Beta-1, 4 glycosidic bond

What is lactose intolerance?

Absence of enzyme lactase or beta-galactosidase, which results to GI disturbance and diarrhea)

Churned milk; fat globules that has risen to the top

Butter

Removed after production of butter; minute or microemulsions of fats

Buttermilk

Milk without cream

Skimmed milk

Coagulating enzyme found in the stomach of mammals

Rennin

Formed coagulum

Cheese

Liquid left after formed coagulum

Whey

Churning

Letting it stand, no disturbances

Creaming

Letting fat globules rise at the top

Partially evaporated milk

Condensed milk

Milk evaporated with malt extract from barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Malted milk

What is Kumyss?

Alcoholic beverage from fermented mare's milk originating from Central Asia

What is lactulose?

Synthetic sugar from the tautomerization of lactose

Alkaline rearrangement of ketone to enol

Tautomerization

Uses of lactulose

Laxative (Duphalac) Decreases blood ammonia concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy

Principle of lactulose being a laxative

It is poorly absorbed and stays in the GIT. Bacteria converts it to acetic acid and lactic acid, which are both irritants, and increases peristalsis

Are constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert in a rapid equilibrium

Tautomers

Most common tautomeric relation in organic chemistry

Keto-enol tautomerization

How many glucoses makes up maltotriose?

Products of partial hydrolysis of starch (amylase or glucosidase)

Dextrins/ Limiting dextrins

How is dextrin used in breads?

Responsible for browning of bread

Amylase degrades what bonds?

Alpha-1, 4

Degrades alpha-1,6 bonds

Alpha-glucosidase

What type of oligosaccharide is this: Glucose + glucose + fructose

Gentianose

Raffinose

Glucose + galactose + fructose

What type of oligosaccharide is this: Glucose + galactose + galactose + fructose

Stachyose

Which spp does Gentianose come from?

Gentiana spp

Which spp does Stachyose come from?

Stachys japonica

Raffinose comes from where?

Seeds, like cottonseed

2 possible functions of polysaccharides

Storage and structure

2 types of polysaccharides

Homoglycans/ homopolysaccharides Heteroglycans

Also known as glucosan

Starch

What is glucosan?

Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants

Natural sources of starch

Corn grain (Zea mays) Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum)

Uses of starch

Dusting powder, tablet filler, binder, disintegrant, antidote to I2 poisoning

Describe amylose

Linear has alpha-1,4 bonds Produces deep blue color in iodine test 25% or 250-300 glucose units

Describe amylopectin

Branches every 25-30 Has alpha-1,4 and alpha 1,6 bonds Is purple in iodine test 75% or 1000 glucose units Paste forming property of starch

What is pregelatinized starch?

Starch processed to rupture all or part of granules in the presence of water

What is sodium starch glycolate?

Is a starch preparation used as a tablet disintegrant

What is hetastarch?

Semisynthetic material used as a plasma expander (6%); composed of 90% amylopectin

Is the enzyme present in pancreatic juice (amylopsin) and saliva (ptyalin)

Alpha-amylases

Which links do alpha-amylases split?

Alpha-1,4 links

Are the end products of alpha amylases

Mixture of glucose, maltose, amylopectin

Removes maltose unit from non-reducing end of polysaccharides

Beta-amylases

Which links do beta-amylases split?

Alpha-1,4 bonds

End product of beta amylases

Pure maltose

At each branching point of beta-amylases, there are?

Maltose and dextrins (due to incomplete hydrolysis)

Starch is to plants as [blank] is to animals

Glycogen

Other terms for glycogen

Glucosan Animal starch

Frequency of branching of glucosan

Every 10 units, branched in alpha-1,6

TRUE/ FALSE: Glycogen is more highly branched than starch

TRUE

Glycogen in iodine test yields what color?

Wine red

What process produces glycogen?

Glycogenesis

Polymer of fructose; also known as fructosan

Inulin/ hydrous inulin

Bonds within inulin

Beta-2,1

What is inulin rich in?

Fiber

Use of inulin

Measurement of renal glomerular filtration

Dextran is linked by?

Alpha-1,6 bonds Branching due to alpha-1,3 bonds

Responsible for the conversion of sucrose to dextran

Leuconostoc mesenteroides' dextran sucrase/ transglycosylase

Use of dextran

Plasma expander (10%)

What is iron dextran?

IV iron supplement used when oral iron is not tolerated

Part of a plant's cell wall responsible for its rigidity

Cellulose

Bonds within cellulose

Polymers of glucose with beta-1,4 bonds

This enzyme is not present on mammalian enzyme systems, which inhibits their digestion of cellulose

Cellulase

Natural source of cellulose

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae) Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)

Cellulose is known on earth as?

The most abundant organic compound

Methylcellulose

Bulk laxative and suspending agent

Ethylcellulose

Tablet binder and film coat

Cellulose acetate pthalate

Enteric coating for tablets

Pyroxylin/ soluble guncotton/ cellulose tetranitrate

Action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton/cellulose to produce collodion

Ratio of alcohol to ether to produce collodion

1:3