MUST KNOW FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION

Question 1

Tool cultures

Answer 1

Oldowan
Acheulian
Mousterian
Upper paleolithic
Neolithic

Question 2

OUt of Africa theory dates evidence multiregional comparision etc up to 6,000years ago when sapien come to nz

Answer 2

Mdna = molecular clock
dna = more genetic differences accumalte in modern african
no gene flow etc

Question 3

Bipedialisim and climate change

Answer 3

free arms to carry etc

Question 4

Ev idence of ooa

Answer 4

mdna , nuclear dna, tools, scientiifc dating of fossils etc

Question 5

Compare structures between Ape and hominin

Answer 5

• how have they chnaged, why this made bipedalism more efficient

Question 6

Skeletal changes main

Answer 6

Scapula (shoulder)
Rib Cage
Leg
Arm
Hands

Question 7

SCAPULA

Answer 7

Ape: Linger bone running down the back so more muscle for strength of brachiation.
Human: Broader so attachment so full rotation of the shoulder can move the arm in full circle, this means carrying. holding and signalling is more efficient when on two legs.
Longer arms for swinging to balance when walking on 2 legs.

Question 8

RIB CAGE

Answer 8

flattened from back to front.
Moves centre of gravity closer to spine for improved balance and drapes arms near to spine to take weight when swinging.

Question 9

LEGS (VALGUS ANGLE)

Answer 9

Valgus angle
IN humans: the femur angles inward from the hip to the knee joint, so that the weight of the body is supported at the midline of the body.

This makes walking more efficient because we don’t rotate the body side to side with every step.

Human Femur is long which increases stride length for more effective walking.

Question 10

Arm /hand?

Question 11

Hand structure and tools

Answer 11

As the structure of the hand changed over time, it allowed for mroe careful MANIPULATION and MANUFACTURING of tools.

The structure of the hand became more gracile and touch became much more sensitive.

With the gracile hand it meant better grasping, finer movement and more PRECISE crafting of tools.

Question 12

Changes in grip

Answer 12

Power Grip:

Precision Grip:

Question 13

The place of tools

Answer 13

The development of tools led to the ability to get new food sources.
The new food sources had higher fat content than the previous food source and therefore led to an increase in brain size.
Increase in brain size led to more creative tool use due to increased thought ability.

Feedback loop:
Tools –> Food Source (protein) –> Brian size increase –> more sophisticated /refined tools.