Must Know clinical anatomy facts Flashcards
What is another name for the suspensory ligaments of the breast?
Cooper’s ligaments
What causes the dimpling seen with breast CA? the retraction?
dimpling- cooper’s lig shortened; nipple retraction- shortened lactiferous ducts
What is the function of the lumbricals?
Flex the MCP and extend the PIP and DIP
What tendons is the anatomical snuffbox bounded by?
extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
What is the innerv level of the medial pectoral, medial antebrachial, medial brachial (all the medial nerves)?
C8-T1
What mvmts result from a fracture of the clavicle? (consider the distal and proximal parts) What vessel may be compromised the most?
Proximal part will move superiorlby bc of SCM; distal part will move inferiorly (Downward) bc of deltoid (all the D’s go together) The subclavian vein.
Why does the diaphragm refer pain to the shoulder?
B/c the phrenic is C3-5 and the suprascaular n. is C3-4 which is at the shoulder.
A supracondylar injury to the humerus damages what n? what characteristic hand forms?
Median n., Ape hand.
Name 3 nerves that arise from the sacral plexus, and 2 from the lumbar plexus.
Lumbar plexus- Obturator n. and Femoral n.
Sacral plexus- sup. and inf. gluteal n. and sciatic n.
At what point does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
Beyond the inguinal ligament
When the tendon calcaneus is tapped in the ankle jerk reflex, what 3 muscles contract?
Triceps surae (medial and lat gastrocnemus, soleus)- S1
What muscle stabilizes the hip when the opposite foot is off the ground?
Gluteaus medius
The battle’s sign due to a basilar skull fracture is due to what artery being damaged?
Posterior auricular art.
Which of the 5 SCALP layers is loose and allows for hematomas and infection spread?
Subaponeurotic layer
How can an infection above the mouth travel to the cavernous sinus?
Via the facial, angular and superior ophthalmic veins
What could enlarged LEFT supraclavicular nodes represent?
Stomach or colon cancer
When there is forehead mvmt sparing with facial paralysis, what structures could be lesioned?
Cerebral cortex or corticobulbar fibers
What 3 muscles are involved with opening the mouth?
Lateral pterygoid (when contracted bilaterally), suprahyoid, infrahyoid
A lesion to the chorda tympani causes a defect where?
Anterior 2/3 tongue doesnt taste.
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
internal and common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve.
Where is the carotid sinus and what is its innervation and function?
At the proximal internal carotid art. innerv by CN 9 and little CN10 + sympath. arterial blood pressure regulation
**diff from carotid body which is a chemorecept to low O2 or high CO2
Describe subclavian steal syndrome
When there’s an occlusion to the right or left subclavian proximal to the vertebral artery, then blood will flow backwards from the vertebral artery to supply the UE. However, this will cause low BF to brain thus dizzy
What 2 structures would a patent thyroglossal duct connect?
foramen cecum and pyramidal lobe
A tongue “licks its wound” when what muscle stops functioning?
Genioglossus
What is the MC site of an epidural hemorrhage? what art?
Greater wing of sphenoid where the ant. br of middle meningeal art passes.
What are two mechanisms through which an epidural hemorr causes Cn3 defects?
hematoma pressure on Sup orb fissure, herniation of temporal lobe (uncus)
What type of crannial bleed is a venous bleed? Arterial?
Subdural= venous, Subarach, Epidural = arterial
Rupture of a berry aneurysm would cause what type of hemorr?
Subarachnoid
What would a lesion to the internal capsule cause?
complete unilateral motor and sensory loss.
What is the typical site for a hemorrhagic CVA?
lenticulate branch of middle cerebral artery.. hemorr into basal ganglia and internal capsule
Name the location of pathology in a communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus
Communicating- blocked absorption in basilar cisterns or pacchionian granulation- seen with meningitis
Non-communicating- obstruction in ventricular sys or 4th vent outflow area
Differentiate an external hordoleum from an internal/acute chalazion
EH- gland of zeiss or moll
AC/IH- meibomian gland
Whats another name for benign peripheral corneal degeneration?
arcus senilis
What innervates the cornea?
The ciliary branches of the nasocilliary nerve CN V1
Where is the lesion in an Argyll Robertson pupil?
At the pretectal zone that manages light reflexes, doesnt constrict to light but accomodates for near vision
What’s the pathology in Meniere’s Disease?
labyrithal edema and inflammation of the vestibular nerve
What is nodose lumbago?
Rheumatism of the iliac and sacral crests w/ nodule formation
Why are mets from the pelvis to the CNS not uncommon?
The venous plexuses of the spinal cord have incomplete valves
The rupture of what ligament in the cervical area could result in the dens protruding into the SC or medulla causing death or quadraplegia?
Transverse ligament of the atlas
At what level does the SC end for neonates?
L3
When is the ulna more subject to fracture? the radius?
Ulna- elbow trauma; radius- fracture on hands
What carpal bone is most susceptible to fractures?
Scaphoid
Which hand muscle is responsible for placing into writing position vs actively writing?
position - lumbricals, active writing- interossei
What is the term for infection of the finger pad?
Whitlow or felon
Where would a needle be placed (upper or lower border) relative to a rib during thoracocentesis? Why?
Upper border bc the lower inner border is where the vein artery and nerve run
What are the two layer of the serous layer of the pericardium and where is it relative to the heart?
visceral/epicardium lines the heart and the parietal lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Behind which rib can the fundus of the GB be found?
9th right costal cart
What type of peptic ulcers are found posteriorly vs those anteriorly?
Bleeding peptic ulcer- posterior
Perforating peptic ulcer- anteriorly
Where is the cysterna chyli located?
Anterior to L2 (drains GI lymphatics)
What lobe of the prostate is commonly involved in BPH?
The median lobe
What anal landmark demarcates the division between the internal and external sphincters?
HIlton’s white line
What histological change is seen withe the demarcation of the pectinate line? embryological changes? innerv changes?
Above- columnar/cuboidal; Endoderm; inf hypogast plexus
Below- stratified epithelium; Ectoderm; inf rectal n. (somatic)
What causes arrested primary oocytes of the ovary to continue development at puberty?
FSH
Whats the specific function of LH and FSH on estrogen production (names the cells and action)?
LH- stimulates theca interna to produce androstenedione
FSH- stimulates granulosa cells to convert androstenedione to estrogen
Where in the testes are leydig cells found vs sertoli cells?
Leydig cells- w.n stroma of the lobes of the testes, Sertoli- within the semineferous epithelium
What part of the pancreas is not retroperitoneal?
The tail of the pancreas
What connects the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity?
The epiploic foramen of winslow
What forms hasselbach’s triangle? What hernia travels through this?
lateral border of rectus abdominus, inf epigastric vessels, inguinal ligament; Direct hernia
What anatomical landmark differentiates an indirect from a direct hernia?
Indirect- lateral to inf. epigastric art.
Direct- medial to inf. epigastric art.
In females where does the ureter pass relative to the uterine artery?
Under the uterine artery (water-pee-under the bridge)
What is the only laryngeal muscle that is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n? What’s its innerv?
Cricothyroid; external laryngeal n.
What is the pathological defect in horner’s syndrome?
compression of the cervical sympathetic ganglia that inhibits sympathetic stimulation to the head ipsilaterally
What is unique about the innervation of the palatoglossus?
Innerv by CN10, all other tongue muscles innerv by CN12
What is the innerv of touch and temp for the ant 2/3 of the tongue vs the posterior?
CN V3 for anterior; CN 9 for posterior
What are the only abductors of the vocal cords?
posterior cricoarytenoids
What cells produce Muellerian Inhibiting factor in males?
Sertoli cells
What do Merkel cells sense?
Light pressure
