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COMLEX > Must Know clinical anatomy facts > Flashcards

Must Know clinical anatomy facts Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the suspensory ligaments of the breast?

A

Cooper’s ligaments

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2
Q

What causes the dimpling seen with breast CA? the retraction?

A

dimpling- cooper’s lig shortened; nipple retraction- shortened lactiferous ducts

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3
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

Flex the MCP and extend the PIP and DIP

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4
Q

What tendons is the anatomical snuffbox bounded by?

A

extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

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5
Q

What is the innerv level of the medial pectoral, medial antebrachial, medial brachial (all the medial nerves)?

A

C8-T1

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6
Q

What mvmts result from a fracture of the clavicle? (consider the distal and proximal parts) What vessel may be compromised the most?

A

Proximal part will move superiorlby bc of SCM; distal part will move inferiorly (Downward) bc of deltoid (all the D’s go together) The subclavian vein.

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7
Q

Why does the diaphragm refer pain to the shoulder?

A

B/c the phrenic is C3-5 and the suprascaular n. is C3-4 which is at the shoulder.

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8
Q

A supracondylar injury to the humerus damages what n? what characteristic hand forms?

A

Median n., Ape hand.

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9
Q

Name 3 nerves that arise from the sacral plexus, and 2 from the lumbar plexus.

A

Lumbar plexus- Obturator n. and Femoral n.

Sacral plexus- sup. and inf. gluteal n. and sciatic n.

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10
Q

At what point does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

Beyond the inguinal ligament

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11
Q

When the tendon calcaneus is tapped in the ankle jerk reflex, what 3 muscles contract?

A

Triceps surae (medial and lat gastrocnemus, soleus)- S1

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12
Q

What muscle stabilizes the hip when the opposite foot is off the ground?

A

Gluteaus medius

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13
Q

The battle’s sign due to a basilar skull fracture is due to what artery being damaged?

A

Posterior auricular art.

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14
Q

Which of the 5 SCALP layers is loose and allows for hematomas and infection spread?

A

Subaponeurotic layer

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15
Q

How can an infection above the mouth travel to the cavernous sinus?

A

Via the facial, angular and superior ophthalmic veins

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16
Q

What could enlarged LEFT supraclavicular nodes represent?

A

Stomach or colon cancer

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17
Q

When there is forehead mvmt sparing with facial paralysis, what structures could be lesioned?

A

Cerebral cortex or corticobulbar fibers

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18
Q

What 3 muscles are involved with opening the mouth?

A

Lateral pterygoid (when contracted bilaterally), suprahyoid, infrahyoid

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19
Q

A lesion to the chorda tympani causes a defect where?

A

Anterior 2/3 tongue doesnt taste.

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20
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A

internal and common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve.

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21
Q

Where is the carotid sinus and what is its innervation and function?

A

At the proximal internal carotid art. innerv by CN 9 and little CN10 + sympath. arterial blood pressure regulation
**diff from carotid body which is a chemorecept to low O2 or high CO2

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22
Q

Describe subclavian steal syndrome

A

When there’s an occlusion to the right or left subclavian proximal to the vertebral artery, then blood will flow backwards from the vertebral artery to supply the UE. However, this will cause low BF to brain thus dizzy

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23
Q

What 2 structures would a patent thyroglossal duct connect?

A

foramen cecum and pyramidal lobe

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24
Q

A tongue “licks its wound” when what muscle stops functioning?

A

Genioglossus

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25
Q

What is the MC site of an epidural hemorrhage? what art?

A

Greater wing of sphenoid where the ant. br of middle meningeal art passes.

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26
Q

What are two mechanisms through which an epidural hemorr causes Cn3 defects?

A

hematoma pressure on Sup orb fissure, herniation of temporal lobe (uncus)

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27
Q

What type of crannial bleed is a venous bleed? Arterial?

A

Subdural= venous, Subarach, Epidural = arterial

28
Q

Rupture of a berry aneurysm would cause what type of hemorr?

A

Subarachnoid

29
Q

What would a lesion to the internal capsule cause?

A

complete unilateral motor and sensory loss.

30
Q

What is the typical site for a hemorrhagic CVA?

A

lenticulate branch of middle cerebral artery.. hemorr into basal ganglia and internal capsule

31
Q

Name the location of pathology in a communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Communicating- blocked absorption in basilar cisterns or pacchionian granulation- seen with meningitis
Non-communicating- obstruction in ventricular sys or 4th vent outflow area

32
Q

Differentiate an external hordoleum from an internal/acute chalazion

A

EH- gland of zeiss or moll

AC/IH- meibomian gland

33
Q

Whats another name for benign peripheral corneal degeneration?

A

arcus senilis

34
Q

What innervates the cornea?

A

The ciliary branches of the nasocilliary nerve CN V1

35
Q

Where is the lesion in an Argyll Robertson pupil?

A

At the pretectal zone that manages light reflexes, doesnt constrict to light but accomodates for near vision

36
Q

What’s the pathology in Meniere’s Disease?

A

labyrithal edema and inflammation of the vestibular nerve

37
Q

What is nodose lumbago?

A

Rheumatism of the iliac and sacral crests w/ nodule formation

38
Q

Why are mets from the pelvis to the CNS not uncommon?

A

The venous plexuses of the spinal cord have incomplete valves

39
Q

The rupture of what ligament in the cervical area could result in the dens protruding into the SC or medulla causing death or quadraplegia?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

40
Q

At what level does the SC end for neonates?

A

L3

41
Q

When is the ulna more subject to fracture? the radius?

A

Ulna- elbow trauma; radius- fracture on hands

42
Q

What carpal bone is most susceptible to fractures?

A

Scaphoid

43
Q

Which hand muscle is responsible for placing into writing position vs actively writing?

A

position - lumbricals, active writing- interossei

44
Q

What is the term for infection of the finger pad?

A

Whitlow or felon

45
Q

Where would a needle be placed (upper or lower border) relative to a rib during thoracocentesis? Why?

A

Upper border bc the lower inner border is where the vein artery and nerve run

46
Q

What are the two layer of the serous layer of the pericardium and where is it relative to the heart?

A

visceral/epicardium lines the heart and the parietal lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

47
Q

Behind which rib can the fundus of the GB be found?

A

9th right costal cart

48
Q

What type of peptic ulcers are found posteriorly vs those anteriorly?

A

Bleeding peptic ulcer- posterior

Perforating peptic ulcer- anteriorly

49
Q

Where is the cysterna chyli located?

A

Anterior to L2 (drains GI lymphatics)

50
Q

What lobe of the prostate is commonly involved in BPH?

A

The median lobe

51
Q

What anal landmark demarcates the division between the internal and external sphincters?

A

HIlton’s white line

52
Q

What histological change is seen withe the demarcation of the pectinate line? embryological changes? innerv changes?

A

Above- columnar/cuboidal; Endoderm; inf hypogast plexus

Below- stratified epithelium; Ectoderm; inf rectal n. (somatic)

53
Q

What causes arrested primary oocytes of the ovary to continue development at puberty?

A

FSH

54
Q

Whats the specific function of LH and FSH on estrogen production (names the cells and action)?

A

LH- stimulates theca interna to produce androstenedione

FSH- stimulates granulosa cells to convert androstenedione to estrogen

55
Q

Where in the testes are leydig cells found vs sertoli cells?

A

Leydig cells- w.n stroma of the lobes of the testes, Sertoli- within the semineferous epithelium

56
Q

What part of the pancreas is not retroperitoneal?

A

The tail of the pancreas

57
Q

What connects the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The epiploic foramen of winslow

58
Q

What forms hasselbach’s triangle? What hernia travels through this?

A

lateral border of rectus abdominus, inf epigastric vessels, inguinal ligament; Direct hernia

59
Q

What anatomical landmark differentiates an indirect from a direct hernia?

A

Indirect- lateral to inf. epigastric art.

Direct- medial to inf. epigastric art.

60
Q

In females where does the ureter pass relative to the uterine artery?

A

Under the uterine artery (water-pee-under the bridge)

61
Q

What is the only laryngeal muscle that is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n? What’s its innerv?

A

Cricothyroid; external laryngeal n.

62
Q

What is the pathological defect in horner’s syndrome?

A

compression of the cervical sympathetic ganglia that inhibits sympathetic stimulation to the head ipsilaterally

63
Q

What is unique about the innervation of the palatoglossus?

A

Innerv by CN10, all other tongue muscles innerv by CN12

64
Q

What is the innerv of touch and temp for the ant 2/3 of the tongue vs the posterior?

A

CN V3 for anterior; CN 9 for posterior

65
Q

What are the only abductors of the vocal cords?

A

posterior cricoarytenoids

66
Q

What cells produce Muellerian Inhibiting factor in males?

A

Sertoli cells

67
Q

What do Merkel cells sense?

A

Light pressure

COMLEX (10 decks)

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