mussolinis rise to power Flashcards
on the 23rd of march 1919 what did mussolini call
a meeting with the representatives of around 20 ex servicemens leagues to milan for a facsist meeting
in mussolinis speech in milan 1919 what were his three declarations
- remeber soliders who have fallen for italy (support military)
- oppose imperliaism (claim irredente lands)
- no neutralists in parliament
what happened on the 15th of april 1919
fascist squad of around 200-300 people attacked a socialist demonstration in milan and burned down offices of AVANTI
3 socialists killed
1 fascist killed
what did mussolini realise after the attack on socialist demonstrations
violence was a powerful tool as no fascists were arrested
why did the police, army and gov tolerate squadristi violence
they feared a socialist revolution
M encouraged the formation of armed squads across italy what were these called
the ras
if you were in the ras what do you wear
black shirts, carried a revolver and a manganello
in the first 5 months of 1921 how many socialists were killed by the facists
200 killed
1000 wounded
the violence of the ras broke the power of the socialists and helped create what
the myth of facism
why did industrialsts support the facists
angry at gov for their weak response to the socialist threat and bienno rosso
they supported the attempts of the facists to break union power
why did the agrari (major landowners) support the fascists
socialists were pushing for land reform meaning their wealth would be restricted
the facists broke strikes which they liked
why did ex soliders support the facists
felt the mutilated victory betrayed italys defeat of austria
had a strong assertion for nationalism and facists promised to punish those who had not supported italy during war
why did small landholders support the facists
threatened by socialist polcies regarding land distribution and higher taxes
socialist land leagues imitimidated farmers into hiring workers
the facists attacked the socialist land leagues
why did the WC support the facists
concern about anarchy and ongoing strikes
the facists opposed socialists and used violence against labourers who continued working during strikes
why did the petty bourgeosisie support the facists
facists promised to bring order, used violence to crush strikes
education system
compulsory military service
what was the new program
The program called for the nationalization of certain industries, particularly in key sectors like transportation, communications, and energy. This was a somewhat socialist-leaning aspect of the program, as it sought to assert state control over industries
The program called for progressive taxation on wealthier individuals and families, aiming to reduce economic inequality.
The Fascist Program proposed that universal suffrage be extended to all men over the age of 21, regardless of property ownership.
did young people support the facists
yes bc they were grown tired of corruption and lethargy of the old liberal order
saw facism as a dynamic alternitive that could bring a revitalised society
how many hours did people have to work on a working day
8 hours
how did mussolini gain support from the catholics
he declared his opposition to divorce
what was the pact of pacifaction
political agreement in 1921 that aimed to ease tensions between Italy’s Fascist movement (led by Benito Mussolini) and socialist groups.
impact of the pact of pacifaction
made m look like a peacemaker
pact failed as facist leaders rejected it
balbo looked out for a new leader to take over facist leadership (approached d’annunzio)
who was balbo
Balbo was one of the founding members of the Fascist movement and became an important figure in its militant wing.
when was the new program introduced
april 1921
what was mussolinis dual policy
This policy was characterized by a combination of domestic repression and foreign expansionism, designed to strengthen Mussolini’s position both within Italy and on the international stage.
what was the attitude of the facists towards the jews
mussolinis wife was jewish
1 in 3 italian jews joined faicst movement
jews got equality from nationalist gov
how many facists were elected to parliament
38
explain the march on rome in 6 points
- facist congress in naples (mussolinis speech)
- starts march in rome seizing gov offices and telephone exchanges
- facta asks king to stop but king does nothing
- facta resigns, king turns to salandra but he refuses as he cant form a gov
- M becomes PM
- M arrives in rome + there is victory parade
how many facists participated in the march on rome
Around 30,000 Fascists participated in the March on Rome, though not all of them were physically present in the city itself. These included Blackshirt paramilitaries, who were the core of Mussolini’s Fascist movement.
how was the king to blame for mussolinis march on rome
lacked confidnece
encouraged to not sign decree by salandra who believed he could be PM in facost coalition
Worried about the possibility of his cousin, Prince Luigi of Savoy, a high-ranking military officer and a member of the royal family, taking action against Mussolini and his Fascists.
how was facta to blame for mussolinis march on rome
resigns as he couldnt control the sitch
when did M become PM
October 29, 1922,
who was facta
Prime Minister of Italy in the early 1920s.
why did facta’s gov not stop M when he started the march on rokme
Facta’s government was weak and politically divided, which made it difficult for it to handle the growing Fascist challenge. The Italian government was also struggling with social unrest, economic instability, and the aftermath of World War I, which led to a loss of faith in traditional political structures.
how did facta attempt to stop M (march on rome)
mobilizing the military and declaring martial law
