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The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy (c.1911-46) > Mussolini and Italy's Political and Economic Elites > Flashcards

Mussolini and Italy's Political and Economic Elites Flashcards

1
Q

List 2 reasons why it was important for Mussolini to have the support of the king.

A
  • Mussolini needed it in order to work effectively with the judiciary, civil service and military, who all had strong links with the monarchy
  • The king’s support gave the regime legitimacy
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2
Q

What were 2 ways that the king supported Mussolini?

A
  • He did not use the army against him
  • He did not dismiss him after the Matteotti crisis
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3
Q

What was a benefit the king received in return for supporting Mussolini? Give 2 examples.

A
  • He received additional titles and territories
  • He became the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1936, and King of Albania in 1939
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4
Q

In what 4 ways was the king’s power reduced by the fascists?

A
  • He lost the right to choose the next prime minister in December 1928
  • The Grand Council of Fascism also had the power to advise the king on the royal succession
  • When the title of First Marshal of the Empire was created in 1938, it was given to both the king and Mussolini- before, the king alone had held the title of supreme military commander
  • In WW2, Mussolini took complete control over the army
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5
Q

In what way did Mussolini compromise with the king? Give an example.

A
  • He observed protocol
  • He still visited him twice a week to keep him up to date with state matters
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6
Q

List 2 issues the king resisted Mussolini’s decisions over.

A
  • Mussolini wanted the army to make the fascist salute
  • He also wanted the fascist symbol to be added to the flag
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7
Q

How did Mussolini generally deal with the judiciary, civil service and the army?

A
  • He mostly left them alone
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8
Q

How did Mussolini deal with the judiciary?

A
  • Judges remained largely independent of the PNF
  • Anti-fascist judges were replaced with fascist ones
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9
Q

In what other 2 ways did Mussolini increase his control over the judiciary?

A
  • Imprisonment without trial became more frequent
  • Mussolini intervened in certain cases to influence verdicts and sentences
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10
Q

How did Mussolini deal with the civil service? Give 3 details.

A
  • The civil service continued to be ran by conservative elites
  • Some civil servants were removed due to their anti-fascist ties
  • Civil servants had to join the PNF in 1935 (in 1927, only 15% were members of the PNF)
  • However, this meant that they just joined the PNF rather than becoming sincere fascists
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11
Q

Why did the army and Mussolini work well together? Give 3 examples.

A
  • They had shared interests;
  • expansion of the armed forces
  • aggressive foreign policy
  • Mussolini also promoted senior generals to win their support
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12
Q

How did Mussolini increase his control over the army?

A
  • Senior positions in the army were increasingly given to fascists
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13
Q

List 3 powers the Chamber of Deputies lost in 1926.

A
  • To discuss policy
  • To debate
  • To amend proposed legislation
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14
Q

What were 2 other changes Mussolini made to parliament?

A
  • From 1928, parliament was made up of 400 deputies chosen by the Grand Council of Fascism
  • In 1928, the Grand Council of Fascism was made the most important legal body in Italy in the constitution
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15
Q

How did Mussolini compromise with the political elites? Give 2 ways.

A
  • He left the Senate unchanged (in 1932 148 senators weren’t fascists, but he started to ensure all new senators were fascists)
  • The positions of prefect and podestà tended to be held by conservative elites
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16
Q

What was Mussolini’s relationship with the nationalists like? Give 3 details.

A
  • Since the ANI had merged with the PNF, they tended to follow Mussolini’s direction, and did not threaten him
  • They had more of an influence on Mussolini’s policies than the PNF at times (especially than the more radical aspects)
  • Mussolini gave nationalists important roles
17
Q

Give an example of a nationalist given an important role. When and why was he given this role?

A
  • Luigi Federzoni was appointed minster of the interior in June 1924, which reassured the conservative elites during the Matteotti crisis
18
Q

Give 4 examples of Mussolini maintaining his control over the PNF.

A
  • Mussolini was the one who decided what laws the Grand Council of Fascism would debate
  • He also did not consult them on major policies
  • Men who could pose a threat, such as Italo Balbo, were given posts where they couldn’t threaten Mussolini (he was appointed governor of Libya)
  • The work of party secretaries
19
Q

Give 5 details on the work of party secretaries.

A
  • In 1925 he appointed Farinacci, who purged the party of people who didn’t agree with Mussolini
  • Mussolini dismissed Farinacci in 1926 (due to his links with violence, which was unpopular with the population then) and replaced him with Augusto Turati, who was more bureaucratic
  • He expelled around 50,000 members by 1929, which caused another 110,000 to leave the PNF as they did not like Mussolini’s political direction
  • Turati was succeeded by Giuriati in 1931, who purged another 120,000
  • These people were replaced by around 800,000 civil servants that had to join the PNF- this was advantageous as they had no interest in challenging Mussolini
20
Q

How would fascists be successful in the PNF, and what issue did this create?

A
  • Mussolini promoted fascists who were loyal and obedient, rather than able
  • This meant many joined the PNF for the sake of career progression
21
Q

List 5 ways Mussolini tried to win over the industrial and financial elites.

A
  • He appointed Alberto de Stefani as finance minister; he supported pro-business policies
  • Telephone companies were privatised
  • The taxing of war profits was reduced/ abandoned
  • Large firms and cartels were allowed to expand
  • The Palazzo Vidoni Pact
22
Q

What did the Palazzo Vidoni Pact do?

A
  • It stipulated that Italian industry could only negotiate with fascist trade unions
23
Q

When was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact passed?

A
  • 1925
24
Q

How did Mussolini keep the industrialists under control?

A
  • He occasionally allowed unions to strike after 1925
25
Q

Which other group that was important to the economy did Mussolini pander to, and how?

A
  • Large landowners
  • Strikes were banned, and the state decided wages (this mean they could pay workers less)

The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy (c.1911-46) (15 decks)

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