Musculoskeletal/Upper Limb/Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

Question

Cranial Meaning and example

Answer 1

Towards the head Eg- the brain is cranial to the spinal coard

Answer 2

Towards the tail Eg- the pelvis is caudal to the abdomen

Answer 3

Towards the face Eg- the frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe

Answer 4

Also known as frontal Face on- this plane cuts into anterior and posterior

Answer 5

Side on- cuts into left and right Parasagittal= cut in sagittal plane but parallel to the midline (off to one side or the other)

Answer 6

Also known as transverse or horizontal End on- cuts into superior and inferior

Answer 7

Central/core parts Eg- skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Answer 8

The bones of the limbs Includes- Scapular, clavicle and the pelvic girdle

Answer 9

The skeleton is split into 2 sub-divisions, the axial and appendicular. The skeleton is bony scaffolding, made up of bone and cartilage. The bone is hard and rigid, whereas cartilage is more flexible. When babies are bone most of their skeleton is made of cartilage which over time ossifies to bone. Some will remain as cartilage such as the anterior of the ribs

Answer 10

A joint is where two bones meet and articulate with each other Eg- the femur and tibia, articulate at the knee joint

Answer 11

Most common type of joint A narrow cavity separates both articulate surfaces of the bones. The cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid which is enclosed in a joint capsule. The joint capsule consists of 2 layers- an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. Each surface which articulate are covered with a articular hyaline cartilage. Synovial joints usually allow a great deal of movement EG- shoulders, knee and wrist.

Answer 12

These joints connect via strong fibrous tissue. No cavity or fluid like with synovial joints. These have very little movement Eg- sutures between the individual bones in the skull

Answer 13

These joints are like fibrous joints, but instead are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. There are 2 subtypes - Primary cartilaginous joints which are connected by hyaline cartilage allowing some flexibility eg- where ribs meet sternum - Secondary cartilaginous joints which are connected by fibrocartilage and a layer of hyaline cartilage. These type are flexible but strong so can support a lot of weight. Eg- intervertebral discs between vertebrae and the spine.

Answer 14

The end of one bone is shaped as a ball and the other is the shape of a bowl. This means the ball fits inside the bowl, eg-shoulder joint. These joints are mobile and can allow a significant range of movement in many directions including rotation. The stability and mobility of these joints all depends on the fit of the socket. The better fit the more stable the joint is but less mobile. The poorer the fit the less stable the joint is bout with better mobility so from these have an increased risk of dislocation.

Answer 15

This joint acts like the hinge on a door, the joint allows for a range of movement, but only in one plane eg-elbow or knee

Answer 16

This is the joint found at the top of the spine where the first and second vertebrae articulate. The first vertebrae at the base of the skull pivots around the peg of the second vertebrae which allows rotational movement allowing us to turn our head left and right.

Answer 17

These joints are shaped like a rider sat in a saddle. This joint permits movement in 2 planes. Eg the joint at the base of the thumb where the metacarpal of the thumb articulates with one of the small carpal bones. This is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Answer 18

This joint is like a ball and socket joint but the two surfaces of the bone are oval-shaped. These have a good range of movement but only in 2 planes. Eg- the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint of the fingers or the knuckles

Answer 19

This joint is where the articulating surfaces are almost flat which glide against each other. The movement from these is usually limited and is dictated by neighbouring bones and ligaments. Eg- joints between the small bones of the wrist and the acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder.

Answer 20

A ligament is a band of connective fibrous tissue that attaches bones, to bones. They are used to stabilise joints and limit the movement. Ligaments can stretch over time, which in turn over time can provide greater joint mobility. The term double jointed actually means they have ligaments which are stretchy enough to allow more movement and is known as hyper mobility.

Answer 21

A sprain occurs when a ligament becomes overstretched and injured. The most often sprained ligament are those within the ankle cause by one going over on the ankle causing forced excessive inversion. The over stretched and torn ligaments can be painful and as so may never return to their original shape.

Answer 22

When a joint dislocates the ligament will be stretched. It may become so over stretched that it will be permanently lax leading to joint instability and so regular or recurrent dislocation may occur.

Answer 23

Bending Decreasing the angle between 2 parts

Answer 24

Straightening Increasing the angle between 2 parts

Answer 25

Bending sideways Unique to the vertebral column

Answer 26

Movement from midline

Answer 27

Movement towards the midline

Answer 28

Rotating towards the midline

Answer 29

Rotating away from the midline

Answer 30

Unique to forearm Internal rotation of the radius- means palms face posteriorly

Answer 31

Unique to the for forearm- external rotation of the radius so the palms face anteriorly eg-anatomical position

Answer 32

Unique to thumb and little finger- flexion and rotation so that the thumb and little finger can reach each other

Answer 33

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Such that the appendage traces a circular or conical pattern

Answer 34

Unique to the ankle- the foot and toes move superiorly towards the shin

Answer 35

Unique to the ankle- the foot and toes move inferiorly- pointing toes down

Answer 36

Unique to the foot and ankle- medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially

Answer 37

Unique to the foot and ankle- lateral flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally

Answer 38

Unique to the scapula and mandible- moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly- eg moving the upper limb out in front as is pushing open a door

Answer 39

Unique to the scapula and mandible- moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly- eg squaring the shoulders

Answer 40

Unique to the scapula and mandible- moving the scapula or mandible superiorly eg- shrugging the shoulders or closing the mouth

Answer 41

Unique to the scapula and mandible- Moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly eg- returning the shoulders after elevation, opening the mouth

Answer 42

Found throughout the body Provide support, aid movement for joints and soft tissues eg- eyeball They are under voluntary control which means we can consciously control them They are striated in appearance

Answer 43

Muscle which is located in walls of the bloody vessels and internal organs eg- intestines This muscle is involuntary and is controlled via the autonomic nervous system We are unable to control Not striated in appearance

Answer 44

Muscle which is unique to the heart They are involuntary controlled. The muscle cells contact in response to the electrical impulses which are spontaneously generated by specialised cells within the heart. The autonomic nervous system influences the cells and can either speed up or slow down the heart rate. They are striated in appearance

Answer 45

Tendons are composed of strong connective tissue which allows skeletal muscle to be attached to bone/soft tissue. The tendons are of a rounded shape like a cord but some form thin flat sheets known as aponeuroses such as in the scalp and abdominal wall. The muscle between the tendons is off ten referred to as the muscle belly

Answer 46

For them to move joints, muscles or tendons must cross them. When a muscle contracts on of its attachments must move while its second attachment does not. The bone or part that doesn’t move is called the origin and the attachment that does move is called the insertion.

Answer 47

The fibres within this type of skeletal muscle are aligned parallel to each other. They can shorten significantly and quickly but are less powerful than pennate muscles. There are 2 sub-types of parallel skeletal muscle - Fusiform= these muscles often have a long tendon at each end along with the muscle belly bulging out in the middle eg- biceps brachii - Strap= these muscles are belt shaped and relatively uniform in width at the belly eg-sartorius in the thigh

Answer 48

These muscles are fan shaped which very broad attachments at one end. Fibres converging onto much smaller attachment at the other end. Eg- pectoralis major on the anterior chest wall

Answer 49

Within this muscle the fibres are arranged in concentric rings around a structure and often are called sphincters. When they contract they close the aperture they surround. Eg- muscles around lips and eyes

Answer 50

The fibres are arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts. They cannot shorten as much as parallel but they are powerful, there are 3 subtypes - Unipennate= the fibres arranged diagonally in relation to the tendon and insert onto one side of the tendon only eg- extensor digitorum longus in the leg - Bipennate= the fibres are arranged in a V-shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon eg- recuts remoris in the thigh - Multipennate= these look like multiple bipennate muscles side by side eg- deltoid in the shoulder.

Answer 51

A motor unit is composed of a single motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibres it supplies. There can be great variation in the size of motor units. In the small muscles that move the eyeball, a single motor nerve axon may only supply just a few muscle fibres, allowing fine control of eye movement. In contrast in the thigh muscles a motor unit may comprises thousands of muscle fibres giving the muscle power but less precision.

Answer 52

The arm, forearm and Hand

Answer 53

The thigh, leg and foot

Answer 54

- A ball and socket joint where limbs meet the trunk/torso -one large bone in the proximal - one hinge joint that separates the proximal and middle parts - two bones in the middle part - A collection of smaller bones at the start of the sitar part -five digits -One digit considerably larger - most of the muscle mass concentrated proximally

Answer 55

The upper limb has evolved for dexterity and therefore is more mobile by - the shoulder joint has only a shallow socket and lax ligaments which allow for a wider range of movement for positioning the hand -the fingers/digits are long able to perform complex movements

Answer 56

-The hip joint has a deep socket with strong ligaments so its stable but less mobile than that of the shoulder joint - the foot and toes are adapted for weight-bearing rather than dexterity

Answer 57

The vertebral column also known as spine or spinal column, spans from the base of the skull to the cocoyx. The spine supports the head, neck and trunk/torso, protects the spinal cord, provides attachments for muscles and allows movement. There are 33 vertebrae found in the vertebral column which are split into 5 sections - Cervical= 7 vertebrae in the neck C1-7 - Thoracic= 12 vertebrae in the thorax T1-12 - Lumbar= 5 vertebrae in the abdomen L1-5 - Sacral= 5 vertebrae in the pelvis S1-5 which are fused to the sacrum - Coccygeal= 4 vertebrae in the pelvis Co1-4 which are fused to the cocccyx The vertebral column is not straight instead curved which helps to absorb shock. The cervical and lumbar segments curve anteriorly, forming a cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis. The thoracic and sacral segments curve posteriorly forming a thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

Answer 58

Small synovial facet joints, intervertebral discs and several groups of ligaments connect all vertebrae to each other

Answer 59

Intervertebral discs between vertebrae support the weight of the upper body and absorb shock

Answer 60

Cervical vertebrae have bifid spinous processes, holes in the transverse processes and oval shaped bodies. The first two are uniquely modified for rotation of the head.

Answer 61

The thoracic vertebrae have long sharp, downward-sloping spinous processes that overlap the vertebrae below. Additional articular facets for the attachment of ribs and heart shaped bodies

Answer 62

The lumbar vertebrae are short, blunt, spinous processes and extra large oval-shaped bodies to support the weight of the body.

Answer 63

Sacral vertebrae are fused into the sacrum, a triangular-shaped bone that sits in the posterior midline. It articulates with the left and right hip bones to form the bony pelvis

Answer 64

The coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx which is a vestigial remnant of what used to be a tail

Answer 65

This describes the clavicle, the scapula and the muscles which attach to these bones

Answer 66

The arm is the region between the shoulder and the elbow joints. The arm contains the humerus along with anterior and posterior muscle compartments

Answer 67

This is the region between the elbow and the wrist joint The bones of the forearm are the radius and the ulna with anterior and posterior muscle compartments

Answer 68

The hand lies distal to the wrist. The hand is spoken about in terms of the palm and the dorsal

Answer 69

The shoulder joint This is a synovial ball and socket joint This is formed by the articulation between the scapula and the proximal humerus Highly mobile

Answer 70

It allows flexion and extension of the forearm It is a synovial hinge joint It is formed by the articulation of the distal humerus with the ulna and radius

Answer 71

These are synovial joints They allow for pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

Answer 72

The wrist joint Synovial joint Formed by the articulation between the distal radius and the two carpal bones of the wrist This allows for flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Answer 73

Protraction We do this when we reach out our arm to open a door

Answer 74

Retraction Squaring the shoulders

Answer 75

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction.

Answer 76

Flexion and extension

Answer 77

Pronation and supination

Answer 78

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Answer 79

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

Answer 80

The clavicle articulates with the sternum at the medial end via the sternoclavicular joint The clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the lateral end via the acromioclavicular joint Both joints are synovial

Answer 81

The clavicle holds the limbs away from the trunk so that they can move freely

Answer 82

The posterior surface bears a ridge of bone called the spine which is usually easily palpable

Answer 83

The lateral end of the spine expands to form the acromion which articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle

Answer 84

The clavicle, the scapula and the associated muscles

Answer 85

This is the shallow fossa on the lateral aspect of the scapula

Answer 86

The glenoid fossa articulates with the proximal humerus to form the should joint

Answer 87

The glenohumeral joint

Answer 88

The glenoid fossa is shallow making it a poor fit for the humerus to fit into, this increases the range of movement that the shoulder can do and so compromises the stability of the joint

Answer 89

2 small projections of bones known as the supraglenoid tubercle and the infraglenoid tubercle

Answer 90

Muscle attachements

Answer 91

The long bone of the arm

Answer 92

The glenoid fossa of the scapula

Answer 93

This is the groove in the head of the humerus

Answer 94

This si a projection of bone off the proximal humerus

Answer 95

Muscle attachements

Answer 96

This is where the bone of the humerus narrows and becomes continuous with the shaft just distal to the tubercles

Answer 97

This area is commonly fractured especially seen in the elderly when they fall and because the axillary nerve runs close to the region and can be injured by any fractures of the surgical neck or dislocations of the humeral head

Answer 98

This is a slight pro tuba c4 of the humeral shaft on the upper lateral aspect

Answer 99

For the deltoid muscle to attach to

Answer 100

This is a groove which marks the path of the radial nerve over the posterior aspect of the upper part of the humeral shaft

Answer 101

The radial nerve runs very close to the humerus and so can be injured in mid-shaft humeral fractures

Answer 102

On the posterior chest wall

Answer 103

Protraction- extend the arm out to push open a door Retraction- squaring the shoulders Elevation- shrugging the shoulders Depression- lowering the shoulders Rotation- this tilts the glenoid fossa cranially to aid elevation of the upper limb

Answer 104

When raising the arm above the head for every 2 degrees of abduction of the shoulder the scapula rotates 1 degree

Answer 105

The attachments points of the muscles and the orientation of the muscle fibres

Answer 106

Serratus anterior

Answer 107

The trapezius The latissimus dorsi

Answer 108

They have extensive attachments to the vertebral column

Answer 109

No it doesn’t, the latissimus dorsi attaches to the anterior aspect of the proximal humerus so it moves the shoulder joint rather than the scapula

Answer 110

No it attaches the the vertebral column and the skull

Answer 111

The lavator scapulae The rhomboid major The rhomboid minor

Answer 112

Upper part- elevates Middle part- Retracts Lower part- Depresses, rotates the scapula

Answer 113

This extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus

Answer 114

This elevates the scapula

Answer 115

It retracts the scapula

Answer 116

It retracts the scapula

Answer 117

The skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Answer 118

Clavicle and scapula (spine and acromion)

Answer 119

Lower thoracic vertebrae

Answer 120

The upper anterior of the humerus

Answer 121

Upper cervical vertebrae

Answer 122

Medial border of the scapula

Answer 123

The medial border of the scapula

Answer 124

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 125

The medial border of the scapula

Answer 126

By branches that arise from the brachial plexus

Answer 127

The trapezius is not innervated by the brachial plexus but instead is innervated by the 11th cranial nerve known as the accessory nerve

Answer 128

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by a branch of the brachial plexus known as the thoracodorsal nerve

Answer 129

Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Teres major

Answer 130

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor

Answer 131

The deltoid is the large muscle found over the lateral aspect of the shoulder

Answer 132

The deltoid muscle attaches the humerus to the lateral part of the clavicle to the spine of the scapula

Answer 133

The deltoid muscle inserts onto the humerus at the deltoid tuberosity

Answer 134

It is a powerful abductor of the shoulder joint

Answer 135

No the deltoid muscle cannot initiate abduction, another muscle initiates the first 20 degrees before the deltoid takes over

Answer 136

The anterior and posterior fibres of the deltoid muscle contribute to the flexion and extension of the shoulder joint

Answer 137

It is innervated by a major branch of the brachial plexus called the axillary nerve

Answer 138

Weakness and atrophy or even paralysis of the deltoid muscle which would impact the ability to move the shoulder joint

Answer 139

This muscle arises from the posterior aspect of the scapula

Answer 140

Teres major inserts on the anterior aspect of the humerus

Answer 141

Medial rotation and adduction of the shoulder joint

Answer 142

The rotator cuff muscles attach the scapula to the tubercles of the humerus

Answer 143

The origin of all 3 of these muscles is the posterior surface of the scapula

Answer 144

They all insert onto the greater tubercle

Answer 145

All the tendons fuse with the fibrous capsule that surrounds the shoulder joint

Answer 146

This is a square-shaped space bounded by the teres minor above, teres major below and the long head of the triceps medially and the surgical neck of the humerus laterally

Answer 147

The axillary nerve travels through this space so it can enter the posterior scapula region and innervate the deltoid and teres minor

Answer 148

This muscle originates from the anterior surface of the scapula

Answer 149

This muscle inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus

Answer 150

Abduction beyond 20 degrees

Answer 151

The spine, acromion and clavicle

Answer 152

The deltoid tuberosity

Answer 153

Medial rotation and adduction

Answer 154

The posterior surface, inferior part of the lateral border

Answer 155

The anterior humerus

Answer 156

The first 20 degrees of abduction

Answer 157

The supraspinous fossa

Answer 158

The greater tubercle= superior facet

Answer 159

Lateral rotation

Answer 160

The infraspinous fossa

Answer 161

The greater tubercle= middle facet

Answer 162

Lateral rotation

Answer 163

The lateral border

Answer 164

The greater tubercle= inferior facet

Answer 165

Medial rotation

Answer 166

The Subscapular fossa

Answer 167

The lesser tubercle

Answer 168

This muscle is clinically important because as it travels from the suprasinous fossa to the greater tubercle it travels under the acromion. The tendon may become inflamed and pinched between the humerus and the acromion during movements of the shoulder. This is called impingement and patients would present with a painful arc

Answer 169

The poor fit of articulating surfaces facilitated by loose joint capsules

Answer 170

They provide vital stability for the shoulder joint which compensates for the poor fitting articulating surfaces

Answer 171

Contraction of the rotator cuff muscles hold the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid fossa

Answer 172

This is a rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the glenoid fossa to contribute to stability by deepening the shallow fossa

Answer 173

This extends from the deep brachial fascia separating the arm into anterior and posterior compartments

Answer 174

This is a single large muscle that lies in the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 175

It has 3 muscle bellies/heads which all converge via a common tendon onto a single insertion point

Answer 176

The olecranon of the ulna

Answer 177

When the tricep brachii contacts it causes the elbow to extend due to the muscle crossing the posterior aspect of the elbow joint

Answer 178

Long head Lateral head Medial head

Answer 179

The long head of the tricep brachii originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and is the most medial part of the tricep

Answer 180

The lateral head originates from the posterior humerus proximal to the radial groove

Answer 181

The medial head originates from the posterior humerus distal to the radial groove

Answer 182

Due to its attachements to the scapula

Answer 183

They are innervated by the radial nerve

Answer 184

The radial nerve winds around the posterior aspect of the humerus in the radial groove between the medial and lateral heads of the tricep brachii

Answer 185

Frozen Shoulder

Answer 186

Pain and stiffness in the shoulder

Answer 187

The capsule of the joint becomes inflamed, stiff and tight, adhesions may develop.

Answer 188

Middle age people more common with women and people who suffer with diabetes

Answer 189

There is no cure for this but supportive treatments of physiotherapist is the main treatment but can take up to 3 years to resolve.

Answer 190

Acute trauma or repetitive use but can also be cause due to degeneration of the muscles due to age

Answer 191

If this tendon becomes injured or inflamed it may become impinged between the acromion and the humeral head, this would mean that the first part of abduction would be normal but between 60 and 120 degrees of abduction the patient would experience pain, after 120 degrees the pain would subside this is what is known as a painful arc. If left untreated the inflamed tendon may rupture

Answer 192

In a shoulder dislocation the humeral head moves out of the glenoid fossa

Answer 193

An anterior dislocation is most common and almost all dislocations will be anterior

Answer 194

Blunt force trauma eg-fall

Answer 195

This is usually missed due to it been very uncommon

Answer 196

Usually associated with vigorous muscle contraction eg- epileptic seizure

Answer 197

The axillary nerve

Answer 198

Because it lies close to the surgical neck of the humerus so can be injured by fractures in this region or dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 199

Injury to the axillary nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the deltoid due to the motor fibres of the axillary nerve innervate the deltoid and teres minor, if this is injured this presents functionally as difficultly abducting the shoulder

Answer 200

The radial nerve travels along the radial groove of the posterior humerus. Fractures of the humeral shaft can injury the nerve. This can lead to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that are innervated by the radial nerve

Answer 201

The medial and lateral epicondyles

Answer 202

There a prominences found on the distal humerus

Answer 203

They articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulnar and the head of the radius at the elbow joint

Answer 204

The armpit

Answer 205

The space between the trunk and the upper arm

Answer 206

Anterior wall Posterior wall Lateral wall Medial wall Apex Base

Answer 207

Pectoralis major and minor

Answer 208

Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

Answer 209

Upper humerus

Answer 210

Serratus anterior and chest wall

Answer 211

First rib, clavicle, scapula

Answer 212

Skin and fascia between the chest wall and arm

Answer 213

Fat Lymph nodes Axillary artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus

Answer 214

The lymph nodes in the axilla drain the upper limb, breast, chest wall, scapular region and the abdominal wall as far as the umbilicus

Answer 215

They are located in the apex

Answer 216

The apical nodes

Answer 217

They are usually involved in the spread of cancer due to them draining lymph from a large area

Answer 218

Breast cancer

Answer 219

A lump in the armpit

Answer 220

Infection Breast malignancy

Answer 221

The subclavian artery

Answer 222

The brachial artery

Answer 223

The axillary artery gives rise to several branches above the pectoralis minor- 2 behind and 3 in front

Answer 224

The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery when it crosses the inferior border of the teres major

Answer 225

This is a large vein which drains the upper limb

Answer 226

The axillary vein is a continuation of the subclavian vein

Answer 227

The axillary vein is formed by the union of the deep veins of the arm with the basilic vein

Answer 228

Compressing the vessels against the humerus

Answer 229

This is a network of nerves that provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb

Answer 230

The brachial plexus is formed by spinal nerves that leave the lower cervical spinal cord segments and the first thoracic spinal cord segment. These are spinal nerves C5,C6,C7,C8 and T1 Mixture of nerves which carry motor and sensory fibres

Answer 231

5 segments

Answer 232

Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches

Answer 233

The roots of the brachial plexus are the 5 spinal nerves C5-T1 that exit the spinal cord and collectively give rise to the brachial plexus These are found in the neck

Answer 234

In the neck

Answer 235

C5 and C6 combine to form the superior trunk C7 continues as the middle trunk C8 and T1 combine to form the inferior trunk

Answer 236

Each trunk then divides into a posterior and anterior division under the clavicle

Answer 237

Anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks combine to make the lateral cord Posterior divisions of all the trunks combine to make the posterior cord Anterior divisions of the inferior trunk continue as the medial cord

Answer 238

Axillary branch Radial branch Musculocutaneous branch Ulnar branch Median branch

Answer 239

The posterior cord

Answer 240

The posterior cord

Answer 241

The lateral cord

Answer 242

The medial cord

Answer 243

They arise from the lateral and medial cords

Answer 244

The shoulder and the pectoral muscles

Answer 245

The deltoid and teres minor and small regions of the skin over the upper lateral arm

Answer 246

It is a branch of the posterior cord

Answer 247

It runs close to the surgical neck of the humerus and is vulnerable to injury through fractures of the surgical neck or dislocations of the humeral head

Answer 248

It innervates the tricep in the posterior arm, and innervates all the muscles in posterior compartment of the forearm, these muscle are extensors of the wrist and digits

Answer 249

The radial nerve is a continuation of the posterior cord

Answer 250

It runs along the radial groove on the posterior surface of the humerus and is vulnerable to mid-shaft fractures

Answer 251

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the 3 muscles in the anterior arm

Answer 252

The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord

Answer 253

The musculocutaneous nerve continues as a sensory nerve that innervates a region of the skin over the forearm

Answer 254

These 2 nerves don’t innervate any muscles in the arm, these innervate muscles in the anterior forearm and hand

Answer 255

The median nerve is formed from the contributions from both the lateral and medial cords

Answer 256

The median nerve innervates most of the muscles of the anterior forearm which are the flexors of the wrist and digits, along with innervation the small muscles of the thumb and the skin over the lateral aspects of the palm of the hand and over the lateral digits

Answer 257

The median nerve is most vulnerable in the arm as it crosses the anterior aspect of the elbow known as the cubital fossa

Answer 258

The ulnar nerve is formed by the continuation of the medial cord after it has given a contribution to the median nerve

Answer 259

The ulnar nerve innervates most of the small muscles in the hand and is vital for fine movements of the digits. It also innervates skin over the medial aspect of the hand and medial digits

Answer 260

The ulnar nerve is most vulnerable to injury behind the medial epicondyle as it lies most superficially here

Answer 261

The most catastrophic brachial plexus injury occurs when all 5 roots of the brachial plexus are injured, this is uncommon but devastating as it effectively denervates the whole upper limb

Answer 262

Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis

Answer 263

All 3 are flexors All 3 are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 264

Lies most superficially in the anterior arm 2 muscle bellies

Answer 265

The long head The short head

Answer 266

The scapula

Answer 267

The supraglenoid tubercle

Answer 268

The Coracoid process

Answer 269

The 2 muscle bellies converge via a common tendon onto the radial tuberosity of the radius

Answer 270

The tendon of the long head of the bicep pierces the capsule of the shoulder joint to help and stabilise it

Answer 271

The bicep is a flexors of the elbow joint but because it crosses the shoulder joint it can contribute to flexion of the shoulder joint

Answer 272

The brachialis is located deep to the bicep

Answer 273

The brachialis is proximally attached to the anterior aspect of the lower half of the shaft of the humerus

Answer 274

The brachialis crosses over the the elbow joint and inserts distally upon the ulna tuberosity.

Answer 275

The brachialis is a powerful flexor of the elbow joint

Answer 276

The coracobrachialis is a smaller muscle that attaches proximally to the coracoid process of the scapula and distally to the medial aspect of the middle part of the humerus

Answer 277

The coracobrachialis crosses the shoulder joint and acts upon it as a weak flexor

Answer 278

The cubital fossa is a region anterior to the elbow joint

Answer 279

The lateral border The medial border The superior border

Answer 280

The lateral border is formed by brachioradialis a posterior forearm muscle

Answer 281

The medial border is formed by the pronator teres which is an anterior forearm muscle

Answer 282

The superior border or base of the cubital fossa is formed by an imaginary line drawn between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

Answer 283

The apex is the most distal part of the cubital fossa and pointing towards the forearm and hand

Answer 284

The tendon of the bicep can be traced through into the cubital fossa as it travels to its insertion point on the radial tuberosity

Answer 285

This is a fascial extension of the biceps tendon

Answer 286

It seperates the superficial veins from the deeper structures in the cubital fossa: the brachial artery and the median nerve

Answer 287

The brachial artery lies medial to the biceps tendon

Answer 288

The brachial artery bifrucates into its terminal branches the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa

Answer 289

The median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery

Answer 290

The radial nerve is found deep to the brachioradialis

Answer 291

The superficial veins are clinically important for venipuncture and intravenous access

Answer 292

The long thoracic nerve The throacodorsal nerve

Answer 293

The serratus anterior

Answer 294

Injury to this nerve causes weakness or paralysis of serratus anterior which would cause the scapula to appear raised up due to the medial border of the scapula not sitting flat on the posterior chest wall, this is known as winged scapula

Answer 295

The thoracodorsal nerve to the latissimus dorsi is vulerable as it runs along the subscapularis muscle which forms the posterior wall of the axilla

Answer 296

The ulnar nerve is vulnerable to injury in the lower arm as it travels behind the medial epicondyle. If the medial epicondyle is fractured the nerve may be injured. Injury to this nerve can lead to motor impairment of the hand as it innervates most of the small muscles of the hand along with causing sensory impairment in the hand.

Answer 297

Erb’s palsy

Answer 298

This injury in uncommon. The upper parts of the brachial plexus are affected which can involve the C5-C6 or C5-C7 This injury occurs with paralysis of one of the lateral rotators of the shoulder and the extensors of the wrist, the affected limb will typically appear medially rotated and wrist flexed

Answer 299

It it typically caused by trauma where the head is stretched away from the shoulder so typically seen when someone is thrown from a motorbike or horse or in newborns if a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck and the neck is extensively stretched

Answer 300

Klumpke’s Palsy

Answer 301

This is another uncommon injury where the lower parts of the brachial plexus are affected C8-T1 This is where the small muscles in the hand become paralysed

Answer 302

It is typically caused by trauma where the arm is forcefully pulled upwards which stretches the nerves of the plexus Can be seen in babies during delivery if the arm is forcefully pulled

Answer 303

Horners syndrome is seen through 3 main symptoms including drooping of the eyelid, constriction of the pupil and lack of sweating

Answer 304

It is caused when the sympathetic nerve supply to the face is interupted. T1 spinal nerve carries sympathetic fibres which are destined to supply the face but if an injury occurs in the brachial plexus to T1 horners syndrome would occur

Answer 305

This is a form of regional anaesthesia which can be used as an alternative to general anaesthetic for surgery of the upper limb

Answer 306

The anaesthetic is injected via the help of ultrasound guidance around the nerves of the brachial plexus which anaesthetises the upper limb which is checked before surgery commences via tests of sensory and motor function

Answer 307

Radius Ulnar

Answer 308

They are connected by the interosseous membrane

Answer 309

They articulate with the distal humerus at there proximal ends

Answer 310

The elbow joint

Answer 311

It articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Answer 312

It articulates with the capitellum of the humerus

Answer 313

Flexion and extension

Answer 314

They articulate with each other at the radioulnar joints

Answer 315

Pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

Answer 316

The radius articulates with 2 small bones of the wrist forming the radiocarpal joint

Answer 317

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

Answer 318

8 small bones which are roughly arranged in 2 rows one proximally and one distally

Answer 319

The distal radius articulates with 2 bones in the proximal row of the carpal, the scaphoid and lunate, which forms the radiocarpal joint

Answer 320

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform

Answer 321

The pisiform isn’t considered as a true bone but more of a small bone that develops in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 322

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Answer 323

A Bony prominent on the hamate which you can palpate

Answer 324

The scaphoid

Answer 325

Usually done by a fall onto an outstretched hand

Answer 326

They lie distal to the carpus

Answer 327

The phalanges

Answer 328

3 in each finger 2 in the thumb

Answer 329

The cubital fossa is bound laterally by the brachioradialis and laterally by the pronator teres

Answer 330

The superior border is formed by a line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

Answer 331

Biceps tendon Median nerve Brachial artery = the radial and ulnar arteries Superficial veins

Answer 332

8 muscles which are arranged into 3 layers

Answer 333

Superficial Middle Deep

Answer 334

Most of them are flexors

Answer 335

Median nerve

Answer 336

Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 337

They attach to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Answer 338

Common flexor origin

Answer 339

It is a pronator

Answer 340

Allows for flexion and abduction at the wrist

Answer 341

It has a small belly but is long and thin

Answer 342

It inserts into the fascia of the palm of the hand

Answer 343

Flexion and adduction of the wrist

Answer 344

It is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Answer 345

The flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 346

It is a flexor of the digits

Answer 347

It is innervated by the median nerve

Answer 348

Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus

Answer 349

It is a flexor of the digits

Answer 350

It lies deep to the flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 351

It gives rise to 4 tendons

Answer 352

The muscle is innervated by 2 nerves The lateral half of the muscle which gives rise to the tendons that travel to the index and middle fingers is innervated by the median nerve The medial Half of the muscle which gives rise to the tendons that travel to the ring and little fingers is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Answer 353

Flexion of the thumb

Answer 354

The pronator of the quadratus

Answer 355

Pronation of the distal radioulnar joint

Answer 356

It is a narrow passageway at the wrist

Answer 357

They are formed by the carpal bones

Answer 358

It is a fibrous band that completes the carpal tunnel forming the roof

Answer 359

The flexor retinaculum attaches to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally The flexor retinaculum attaches to the hook of the hamate and the pisiform medially

Answer 360

The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis The tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus The tendons of the flexor pollicis longus

Answer 361

The median nerve

Answer 362

Impaired/altered sensation over the skin of the hand so they may experience tingling, numbness or pain Weakness of the hand muscles supplied by the median nerve so small muscles of the thumb

Answer 363

Thumb may atrophy and weakness may become permanent

Answer 364

The flexor retinaculum is divided to alleviate pressure

Answer 365

They travel outside the carpal tunnel

Answer 366

The cubital fossa

Answer 367

The radial artery and the ulnar artery

Answer 368

The radial artery runs along the lateral aspect of the forearm

Answer 369

The ulnar artery runs down the medial aspect of the forearm

Answer 370

In the wrist

Answer 371

It may be partially covered by the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 372

Th radial and ulnar arteries pass into the hand and anastomoses in the hand to form the palmar arches

Answer 373

So that the hand remains adequately perfused in the event that one of the arteries becomes occluded or injured

Answer 374

Superficial and deep veins

Answer 375

The axillary vein

Answer 376

The cephalic vein and the basilic vein

Answer 377

The cephalic vein runs laterally in the forearm

Answer 378

It runs medially in the forearm

Answer 379

They are connect in the cubital fossa via the median cubital vein

Answer 380

Commonly used for venepuncture and intravenous access

Answer 381

The basilic vein recieves deep veins of the arm to form the axillary vein

Answer 382

The carpus is comprised of eight small bones

Answer 383

They are arranged into two rows of 4 bones One proximal and one distal

Answer 384

The scaphoid and the lunate

Answer 385

Radiocarpal joint

Answer 386

The scaphoid bone

Answer 387

It is very important not to miss an anterior dislocation of the lunate bone as it can compress the median nerve

Answer 388

The metacarpals lie distal to the carpus

Answer 389

Phalanges bones

Answer 390

3 phalanges in each digit apart from the thumb which has 2

Answer 391

They are found between the distal row of carpal domes and the proximal part of the metacarpals

Answer 392

They are found between the distal parts of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges

Answer 393

Between the bones of the phalanges

Answer 394

To hold or squeeze objects tightly

Answer 395

Carrying objects with handles

Answer 396

It allows us to hold objects between the pads of our thumb and index finger

Answer 397

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

Answer 398

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition

Answer 399

They are controlled by both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

Answer 400

They are found in the anterior and posterior forearm where there tendons travel into the hand

Answer 401

They are found in the hand

Answer 402

Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus

Answer 403

It inserts onto the 2nd metacarpal

Answer 404

It inserts onto the 5th metacarpal

Answer 405

It inserts onto the palmar fascia

Answer 406

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexour pollicis longus

Answer 407

The tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis splits into two which then inserts on either side of the middle phalanx of digits 2 to 5

Answer 408

The tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus passes through the slit of the flexor digitorum superficialis to insert onto the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx of digits 2 to 5

Answer 409

It inserts onto the distal phalanx of the thumb

Answer 410

Fibrous sheaths

Answer 411

They maintain the positions of the tendons in the middle of each fingers

Answer 412

A synovial sheath which reduces friction and allows the tendons to slide freely within the fibrous sheath during flexion and extension

Answer 413

If a penetrating injury occurs of the hands and fingers including lacerations and thorns which pierce the skin and so in turn pierce the tendon sheath and so may become infected causing inflammation of both the tendon and the sheath which is known as tenosynovitis

Answer 414

The palmar aponeurosis

Answer 415

The small muscles of the hand

Answer 416

They have both their origins and insertions in the hand itself

Answer 417

Thenar eminence Hypothenar eminence Lumbricals Interossei

Answer 418

Adducts pollicis

Answer 419

The ulnar and median nerves

Answer 420

This is the fleshy mass on the palm of the hand at the base of the thumb and contains 3 muscles which act upon the thumb

Answer 421

Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponents pollicis

Answer 422

The opponens pollicis lies deep to the flexor and abductor muscles

Answer 423

The flexor pollicis brevis inserts onto the proximal phalanx and is innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve

Answer 424

The abductor pollicis brevis inserts onto the proximal phalanx lateral aspect and is innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve

Answer 425

The opponens pollicis inserts onto the 1st metacarpal and is innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve

Answer 426

The recurrent branch of the median nerve leaves the median nerve after it travels through the carpal tunnel

Answer 427

They are affected by carpal tunnel syndrome because they are innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve which is a branch of the median nerve which branches after the carpal tunnel so if this get pinched the recurrent branch would be affected

Answer 428

It lies deep in the Palm not in the thenar eminence and it is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Answer 429

It attaches to the 3rd metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of the thumb

Answer 430

The precision grip

Answer 431

This is the fleshy mass on the medial side of the palm of the hand proximal to the little finger which contains 3 muscles which act upon the little finger

Answer 432

Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Opponens minimi

Answer 433

They attach to the proximal carpal bones

Answer 434

It inserts on the proximal phalanx and is innervated by the deep muscle of the ulnar nerve

Answer 435

It is inserted onto the proximal phalanx and is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Answer 436

It inserts onto the 5th metacarpal and is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Answer 437

There are 4 lumbrical muscles one for each finger

Answer 438

They arise from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus which travel along the lateral aspect of digits 2 to 5 and inserts onto the dorsal aspect of digits 2 to 5

Answer 439

The lateral 2 muscles which follow digits 2 and 3 are innervated by the median nerve The medial 2 muscles which follow digits 4 and 5 are innervated by the ulnar nerve

Answer 440

They attach to and lie between the metacarpals

Answer 441

They insert onto the dorsal aspects of digits 2 to 5

Answer 442

There are 2 groups of interossei muscles the palmar group and the dorsal group

Answer 443

There are 3 palmar interossei muscles

Answer 444

4 dorsal interossei muscles

Answer 445

The first palmar interosseous arises from the medial side of the 2nd metacarpal and it inserts onto the medial aspect of the 2nd proximal phalanx

Answer 446

The second interosseous arises from the lateral aspect of the 4th metacarpal and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the 4th proximal phalanx

Answer 447

The third palmar interosseous arises from the lateral aspect of the 5th metacarpal and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the 5th proximal phalanx

Answer 448

The first dorsal interosseous arises from the medial side of the 1st metacarpal and the lateral side of the 2nd metacarpal and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the 2nd proximal phalanx

Answer 449

The second dorsal interosseous arises from the medial side of the 2nd metacarpal and the lateral side of the 3rd metacarpal and inserts onto the medial aspect of the 3rd proximal phalanx

Answer 450

The forth dorsal interosseous arises from the medial side of the 4th metacarpal and lateral side of the 5th metacarpal and inserts onto the medial aspect of the 4th proximal phalanx

Answer 451

Long flexor tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus and the median nerve

Answer 452

The tendons of the flexor capri radialis, the flexor capri ulnaris and the palmaris longus, radial artery, ulnar artery and ulnar nerve

Answer 453

The palmar surface of the lateral side of the hand The palmar surface of the lateral 3 1/2 digits The skin over the dorsum of the distal phalanges of the lateral 3 1/2 digits

Answer 454

The palmar and dorsal surfaces of the medial side of the hand and the medial 1 1/2 digits

Answer 455

The dorsal surface of the lateral side of the hand and the skin over the dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits as far as the DIP joint

Answer 456

The palmar surface of the middle finger

Answer 457

The medial border of the hand

Answer 458

The dorsum of the hand lateral aspect

Answer 459

The cutaneous branches of the middle and ulnar nerves supply the palm of the hand

Answer 460

They arise in the forearm

Answer 461

A dermatome is a region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

Answer 462

The upper limb is innervated by the brachial plexus and spinal nerves C5-T1

Answer 463

The upper shoulder

Answer 464

C5 innervates the lateral side of the anterior and posterior aspects of the arm

Answer 465

The lateral side of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forearm, the lateral side of the anterior and posterior surface of the palm and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the thumb and index fingers

Answer 466

C7 innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the middle finger and middle of the palm over the 3rd metacarpal

Answer 467

C8 innervates the medial side of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forearm, the medial side of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the palm and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forth and fifth fingers

Answer 468

T1 innervates the medial side of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the arm

Answer 469

The radial and ulnar arteries supply the hand

Answer 470

They branch from the brachial artery

Answer 471

The radial artery travels down the lateral aspect of the forearm

Answer 472

The ulnar travels down the medial aspect of the forearm.

Answer 473

The palmar arches are formed by the anastamoese of the radial and ulnar arteries

Answer 474

The superficial palmar arch is formed largely by the ulnar artery with a small contribution from the radial artery

Answer 475

The deep palmar arch is formed largely by the radial artery with a small contribution from the ulnar artery

Answer 476

They give rise to the metacarpal and digital arteries which supply the palm and digits which are accompanied by digital nerves

Answer 477

It is important to ensure perfusion of the hand is maintained in the event that one of the vessels becomes occluded or injured

Answer 478

In a case where there are palmar injuries the long flexor muscles need to be assessed. To do this each tendon needs to be isolated to test each one in turn. To test the flexor digitorum profundus the PIP joint is held immobile by the examiner and the patient is asked to flex the finger, if the FDP is intact, flexion will be seen at the DIP joint To test the flexor digitorum superficialis, the patient should turn the hand supine, the examiner uses a hand to keep all the fingers not been tested straight which immobilises the FDP, the patient is then asked to flex the finger that remains free, if the FDS is intact flexion occurs at the PIP joint To test the flexor pollicis longus, movement at the IP joint is assessed

Answer 479

Impaired sensation Pins and needles Pain in the hand over the palmar aspect of the lateral 3 1/2 digits

Answer 480

It is unaffected as the branches of the median nerve that innervates the skin of the lateral palm arises in the forearm and do not travel through the carpal tunnel so are unaffected by compression of the median nerve

Answer 481

In this condition the fingers are pulled into flexion by progressive fibrosis of the palmar fibrosis and palmar aponeurosis

Answer 482

This is inflammation of a flexor tendon and its synovial sheath may result if the sheath is breached by a penetrating injury

Answer 483

It is formed from 2 bones which each have there own blood supply which fuse together. With fusion the artery to the proximal end degenerates and the bone is supplied from the distal end

Answer 484

When the scaphoid fractures the proximal part of the bone may become disconnected from the blood supply and death of the proximal segment occurs which is known as a vascular necrosis

Answer 485

It is serious because the proximal scaphoid articulates with the distal radius at the wrist joint, so fractures cannot be missed so even if a fracture of the scaphoid isn’t seen on the X-ray straight away they should still be followed up

Answer 486

Typically is sustained by punching something

Answer 487

Usually pain, swelling and tenderness over the 5th metacarpal

Answer 488

They are arranged in 2 layers- superficial and deep Most muscles are extensors of the wrist, digits or thumb They are all innervated by the radial nerve

Answer 489

Barachioradialis Extensor capri radialis longus Extensor capri radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor capri ulnaris

Answer 490

All the muscles are attached proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Answer 491

The common extensor origin

Answer 492

It originates from the humerus proximal to the lateral epicondyle and it inserts onto the distal radius

Answer 493

It acts as a weak flexor of the elbow joint

Answer 494

It is innervated by the radial nerve

Answer 495

It inserts on to the 2nd metacarpal

Answer 496

It inserts onto the 3rd metacarpal

Answer 497

Extend and abducts the wrist

Answer 498

It extends the digits via 4 long tendons

Answer 499

It inserts onto the dorsal aspect of the fingers

Answer 500

It is difficult to do this because the tendons of the extensor digitorum are connected by fibrous bands

Answer 501

Extends the little finger

Answer 502

It inserts onto the dorsum of the little finger

Answer 503

It extends and adducts the wrist

Answer 504

It inserts onto the 5th metacarpal

Answer 505

All the tendons of the superficial layer muscles

Answer 506

It prevents the tendons from bowing when the wrist is extended

Answer 507

Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis

Answer 508

They all attach proximally to the forearm bones and the interosseous membrane except from the supinator which attaches proximal to the humerus

Answer 509

It supernates the forearm and hand

Answer 510

It abducts the thumb

Answer 511

It inserts onto the 1st metacarpal

Answer 512

It extends the thumb

Answer 513

It inserts onto the proximal phalanx

Answer 514

It inserts onto the distal phalanx

Answer 515

It inserts onto the dorsum of the index finger

Answer 516

They are all innervated by the radial nerve

Answer 517

It drains into the cephalic vein laterally and into the basilic vein medially

Answer 518

The extensor hood

Answer 519

It is a fibrous structure that overlies the dorsal aspect of the digits

Answer 520

It is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx

Answer 521

It gives rise to a central slip and 2 marginal slips

Answer 522

It inserts onto the middle phalanx

Answer 523

They insert onto the distal phalanx

Answer 524

It inserts onto the dorsal aspect of the extensor expansion and this helps to keep the tendons fixed in the midline of the digits

Answer 525

It is a triangular shaped depression on the lateral aspect of the wrist at the base of the thumb which can be seen when the thumb is extended

Answer 526

The anatomical snuffbox boundaries are as follows The tendon of the extensor pollicis longus medially The tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus laterally

Answer 527

The scaphoid lies in the floor of the snuffbox - tenderness of the snuffbox on palpitation can be an indication of a scaphoid fracture The radial artery travels through it The cephalic vein arises in the anatomical snuffbox which it can be cannulated here if necessary The superficial branch of the radial nerve runs over the anatomical snuffbox to supply the skin over the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the Hand

Answer 528

It is supplied by a branch of the ulnar artery

Answer 529

Injury to this nerve could cause the inability to extend the wrist and fingers

Answer 530

The superficial branch of the radial nerve

Answer 531

A synovial ball and socket joint

Answer 532

The joint is formed by the articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

Answer 533

The shoulder joint has a large range of movement because the fit between the 2 articulating surfaces is poor

Answer 534

A synovial hinge joint

Answer 535

The elbow joint is formed by the articulation between the trochlear of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulnar and the capitellum of the humerus and the radial head

Answer 536

They are synovial pivot type joints

Answer 537

The articulation between the radius and the ulnar

Answer 538

The wrist joint is a condyloid synovial joint

Answer 539

The wrist joint is formed by the articulation if the distal radius with scaphoid and the lunate

Answer 540

They joints of the hands are synovial joints

Answer 541

When the attachments of the extensor muscles to the lateral epidcondyle may becomes inflammed

Answer 542

Pain felt over the region of the lateral epicondyle Pain may radiate down the forearm

Answer 543

Repetitive strain of the muscles

Answer 544

Tennis elbow

Answer 545

Pulled elbow

Answer 546

The angular ligament is partially torn and the radial head moves out of the ligament usually seen in young children

Answer 547

It can be caused by the child being suddenly pulled upwards by their arm

Answer 548

Painful Children wont use there arm

Answer 549

The subluxed head is reduced and the tear will heal

Answer 550

This describes the inability to extend the wrist and fingers due to weakness or paralysis of the posterior forearm muscles

Answer 551

It can be caused by injury to the radial nerve proximal to the forearm, which will typically caused by a mid-shaft humeral fracture as the radial nerve lies so close to the bone

Answer 552

Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 553

This is wear and tear arthritis and is more common in older people it affects large and small joints, mostly in the hands

Answer 554

It is an autoimmune condition which affects synovial joints and the small joints of the hands and feet

Answer 555

The two hip bones and the sacrum

Answer 556

The thigh is region between the hip and knee joints

Answer 557

Anterior Medial Posterior

Answer 558

This is the region between the knee and the ankle joint

Answer 559

The bones of the leg are the tibia and fibula

Answer 560

Anterior Lateral Posterior

Answer 561

The region which sits distal to the ankle

Answer 562

The sole of the foot

Answer 563

The top of the foot

Answer 564

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation

Answer 565

A synovial ball and socket joint

Answer 566

The articulation between the acetabulum and the proximal femur

Answer 567

Flexion Extension

Answer 568

Synovial hinge joint

Answer 569

Formed by the articulation of the distal femur with the tibia

Answer 570

Flexion/ plantarflexion Extension/dorsiflexion

Answer 571

A synovial hinge joint

Answer 572

It is formed between the articulation between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula with the talus

Answer 573

Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction

Answer 574

This is a bony ring formed by the articulation of the left and right innominate bones and the sacrum It’s function is to hold the weight of the upper body and distribute this to the lower limbs

Answer 575

The pubic bone The ilium The ischium All 3 bones fuse at the acetabulum which forms the socket of the hip joint

Answer 576

They articulate with each other at the pubic symphysis anteriorly They articulate with the sacrum posteriorly

Answer 577

The superior and inferior pubic rami

Answer 578

The obturator membrane and the muscles that attach to it

Answer 579

This is the small gap left in the obturator foramen

Answer 580

Vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh

Answer 581

The iliac crest

Answer 582

The anterior superior iliac spine and the anterior inferior iliac spine

Answer 583

Ischial tuberosity, the ischial spine and the greater and lesser sciatic notches

Answer 584

The head The neck The shaft

Answer 585

The acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint

Answer 586

They are found distal to the neck of the femur and they are sites for muscle attachments

Answer 587

It lies between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur

Answer 588

It is a small hollow on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter

Answer 589

It is a bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of the shaft of the femur

Answer 590

It is the site of muscle attachment

Answer 591

They are found at the distal end of the femur

Answer 592

They articulate with the proximal tibia at the knee joint

Answer 593

Superior to the medial femoral condyle

Answer 594

Anterior to the knee joint

Answer 595

In the anterior thigh muscles flex the thigh at the hip joint

Answer 596

Muscles in the medial thigh can adduct the thigh at the hip joint

Answer 597

Muscles in the posterior thigh extend the thigh at the hip joint

Answer 598

They are found in the anterior thigh

Answer 599

They are found in the posterior thigh

Answer 600

Deep fascia known as the fascia lata

Answer 601

It is a thickening of the lateral part of the fascia lata

Answer 602

It attaches to the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia and is important for stabilising the knee joint

Answer 603

It extends from the fascia lata to the linea aspera and seperate the thigh into anterior, medial and posterior compartments

Answer 604

Quadriceps femoris (group of 4 large muscles) Sartorius Iliopsoas Pectineus

Answer 605

The quadriceps femoris

Answer 606

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius

Answer 607

These muscles converge onto the quadriceps tendon

Answer 608

Runs over the patella

Answer 609

It inserts onto the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

Answer 610

It attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine proximally It’s function contributes to the flexion of the hip

Answer 611

It attaches to the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft

Answer 612

It attaches to the linea aspera

Answer 613

It attaches to the anterior aspect of the femoral shaft

Answer 614

It is found superficially in the anterior thigh

Answer 615

It attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts onto the medial aspect of the proximal tibia

Answer 616

It flexes and laterally rotates the hip joint and flexes the knee joint

Answer 617

The iliopsoas

Answer 618

It attaches proximally at the superior pubic ramus and distally on the femur

Answer 619

It flexes and adducts the hip joint

Answer 620

Five muscles

Answer 621

Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator externus

Answer 622

They are innervated by the obturator nerve- spinal nerves L2-L4

Answer 623

They have similar attachment points at the pubic bone and the linea aspera

Answer 624

The obturator nerve

Answer 625

The adductor part and the hamstring part

Answer 626

The adductor part of the adductor Magnus attaches to the inferior pubic ramus and is innervated by the obturator nerve

Answer 627

It attaches to the ischial tuberosity and the adductor tubercle

Answer 628

It is a gap formed by the distal attachments of the 2 parts of the adductor Magnus

Answer 629

The femoral artery and vein to get to the posterior thigh

Answer 630

It attaches to the pubic bone and the medial aspect of the tibia

Answer 631

It is a weak adductor and flexor of the hip and a weak flexor of the knee It is not a prime mover

Answer 632

It is attached to the external surface of the obturator membrane and it inserts onto the femur near the greater trochanter

Answer 633

It stabilises ans laterally rotates the hip joint

Answer 634

It is a continuation of the external iliac artery

Answer 635

The deep artery of the thigh is a branch of the femoral artery

Answer 636

Profundus femoris

Answer 637

The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery when it travels through the adductor hiatus

Answer 638

It is a branch of the internal iliac artery

Answer 639

The obturator artery travels though the obturator canal and anastomoses with branches of the femoral artery

Answer 640

The femoral vein is a continuation of the external iliac vein

Answer 641

It travels through the obturator canal

Answer 642

The obturator vein joins the internal iliac vein in the pelvis

Answer 643

The femoral nerve is formed by the L2-L4 spinal nerves

Answer 644

Branches of the femoral nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles

Answer 645

The saphenous nerve is the sensory branch of the femoral nerve

Answer 646

It innervates the skin over the leg

Answer 647

The obturator nerve is formed by the L2-L4

Answer 648

The obturator nerve gives rise to branches that innervate the medial compartment muscles and the skin over the medial thigh

Answer 649

It is a region of the proximal anterior thigh

Answer 650

Lateral boundary- formed by the medial border of the sartorius Medial boundary- formed by the lateral border of the adductor longus Superior boundary- formed by the inguinal ligament

Answer 651

The apex of the triangle is distal where the sartorius muscle and adductor longus muscle meets

Answer 652

It is formed by the iliopsoas laterally and the pectineus medially

Answer 653

It can be palpated in the femoral triangle

Answer 654

The femoral artery The femoral vein The femoral nerve

Answer 655

It receives the great saphenous vein

Answer 656

A fractured hip refers to a fracture of the femoral neck which is extremely common in the elderly population

Answer 657

It can be cause by a low energy fall

Answer 658

Osteoporosis

Answer 659

Pain in the groin Struggle to the walk Typically finding a shortening and lateral rotation of the affected limb compared to the uninjured limb

Answer 660

The fracture may tear the vessels that supply the femoral head and neck which leads to avascular necrosis of the femoral head

Answer 661

The femoral artery is very commonly used for coronary angiography

Answer 662

It can be used for access for blood samples if they cannot be obtained from peripheral veins

Answer 663

It can be blocked by infiltrating local anaesthetic around it which can used to relieve pain in lower limb fractures

Answer 664

It is a abnormal protrusion of the intestines into the upper anterior thigh, which is more commonly seen in females

Answer 665

Strangulation of the herniated intestines leads to ischaemia and infarction of the tissue

Answer 666

The obturator nerve lies close to the ovary, if there is any ovary pathology such as cysts they may irritate the nerve

Answer 667

Anterior Posterior Inferior Gluteal ridges

Answer 668

The greater and lesser sciatic notches

Answer 669

The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Answer 670

The greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Answer 671

The sacrospinous ligament

Answer 672

The ischial tuberosity

Answer 673

It is a ridge of bone that lies between the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

Answer 674

It is found just inferior to the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

Answer 675

2 groups a superficial group and a deep group

Answer 676

Gluteus maximum Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae

Answer 677

The gluteus maximus

Answer 678

It is attached to the most posterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium, the sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum

Answer 679

They insert into the iliotibial tract

Answer 680

It is an extensor of the hip and is important for standing from a sitting position It can also play a role in lateral rotation of the hip

Answer 681

Deep to the gluteus maximus

Answer 682

Deep to gluteus medius

Answer 683

They attach to the anterior parts of the posterior ilium

Answer 684

They insert onto the greater trochanter

Answer 685

They both abduct and medially rotate the hip

Answer 686

They play an important role in normal gait, when we walk or run one foot is always off the floor

Answer 687

When we walk or run there is always one foot off the floor so in the limb that is on the floor the gluteus medius and minimus contract to hold the pelvis level so it doesn’t tilt to the side that is unsupported

Answer 688

We get a limp if the gluteus medius and minimus become weak or paralysed in one limb so the pelvis would tilt to the contralateral side of the body when the contralateral leg is off the ground

Answer 689

It attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine

Answer 690

It inserts onto the iliotibial band

Answer 691

It inserts onto the proximal tibia

Answer 692

Contraction of this muscle tenses the fascia lata and the iliotibial band

Answer 693

It is important for stabilising the knee when it is extended and flexes the hip joint

Answer 694

They are innervated by gluteal nerves

Answer 695

They arise from the sacral plexus in the pelvis and then exit via the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 696

The inferior gluteal nerve

Answer 697

The superior gluteal nerve

Answer 698

They primarily stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint

Answer 699

Piriformis The superior and inferior gemelli Obturator internus Quadratus femoris

Answer 700

They all insert onto or close to the greater trochanter

Answer 701

Anterior surface of the sacrum

Answer 702

It passes through the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 703

Onto the greater trochanter

Answer 704

Tibial and common peroneal/ common fibular nerves

Answer 705

It bifrucates in the posterior thigh

Answer 706

Obturator internus arises from the obturator membrane

Answer 707

Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris ( a long and short head) Hamstring part of the adductor Magnus

Answer 708

Semimembranousus, semitendinousus and the long head of the biceps femoris they are known as the hamstring

Answer 709

They attach proximally to the ischial tuberosity

Answer 710

They extend the hip, flex the knee

Answer 711

They are innervated by the tibial nerve

Answer 712

They insert onto the medial aspect of the proximal tibia

Answer 713

The long head of the bicep femoris forms a common tendon with the short head of the bicep femoris

Answer 714

It inserts onto the head of the fibula

Answer 715

The short head of the bicep femoris arises from the linea aspera

Answer 716

It flexes the knee

Answer 717

It is innervated by the common peroneal nerve

Answer 718

The hamstring part of the adductor Magnus arises from the ischial tuberosity and it inserts onto the adductor tubercle of the femur

Answer 719

It extends the hip

Answer 720

The tibial nerve

Answer 721

The tibial nerve

Answer 722

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Answer 723

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Answer 724

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Answer 725

Flexion of the knee

Answer 726

Tibial nerve

Answer 727

Extension of the hip

Answer 728

Adduction of the hip

Answer 729

Obturator nerve

Answer 730

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

Answer 731

They arose from the internal iliac artery

Answer 732

They leave the pelvis via the sciatic foramen

Answer 733

They are supplied by 3 or 4 perforating arteries

Answer 734

They arise from the profunda femoris

Answer 735

They reach the posterior compartment by travelling through small apertures in the adductor Magnus

Answer 736

It becomes the popliteal artery

Answer 737

When the femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus and enters the region behind the knee known as the popliteal fossa

Answer 738

They enter the pelvis though the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 739

They drain into the internal iliac vein

Answer 740

It becomes the femoral vein

Answer 741

The great saphenous vein joints the femoral vein in the femoral triangle

Answer 742

It becomes continuous with the external iliac vein

Answer 743

They are innervated by the superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Answer 744

Fibres from L4 to S3

Answer 745

It innervates the posterior thigh and posterior leg

Answer 746

It innervates the anterior and lateral leg

Answer 747

It is a diamond-shaped depression behind the knee joint

Answer 748

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus medially and laterally biceps femoris

Answer 749

They are formed by two heads of gastrocenminus

Answer 750

It is a superficial muscle in the posterior leg

Answer 751

Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve

Answer 752

It bifurcates into anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Answer 753

It splits into a superficial and deep nerve

Answer 754

When the common peroneal nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula it splits

Answer 755

Muscles of the lateral leg

Answer 756

It innervates the muscles of the anterior leg

Answer 757

Gluteus maximus

Answer 758

Because of the sciatic nerve

Answer 759

The upper outer quadrant

Answer 760

Common term used to describe pain that is felt in the posterior thigh

Answer 761

Compression of the nerve roots that contribute to the sciatic nerve due to a prolapses intervertebral disc between L5 and S1

Answer 762

It is an aneurysm of the popliteal artery

Answer 763

A blood clot an form within the leg, occluding blood flow, leading to the tissue becoming ischaemia and tissue death

Answer 764

It is a synovial ball and socket joint

Answer 765

The acetabulum and the head of the femur

Answer 766

The hip is a stable joint as the acetabulum is deep and there is a good fit between that and the femoral head

Answer 767

The rim of fibrocartilage

Answer 768

The ligament of the head of the femur

Answer 769

The profunda femoris

Answer 770

They supply the neck of the femur and arise from the profunda femoris

Answer 771

3 ligaments

Answer 772

Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral

Answer 773

Iliofemoral and pubofemoral are anterior ligaments Ischiofemoral is posterior

Answer 774

When the hip is extended the ligaments become taut and hold the femoral head more tightly

Answer 775

Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Pectineus Sartorius

Answer 776

Gluteus maximus Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris

Answer 777

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Piriformis Tensor fascia tatae

Answer 778

Abductor longus Abductor brevis Abbductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis

Answer 779

Biceps femoris Gluteus maximus Piriformis Assisted by Obturators, Gemilli and quadratus femoris

Answer 780

Anterior fibres of the gluteus medius and minimus and tensor fascia tatae

Answer 781

The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint

Answer 782

The femoral condyles and the tibial condyles

Answer 783

The femur and tibia reach there best fit with each other when the knee is extended

Answer 784

The knee joint is more stable when it is in extension

Answer 785

The iliotract attaches to the lateral aspect of the tibia and stabilises the knee joint

Answer 786

Produced by the hamstring muscles Gracilis Sartorius Popilteus

Answer 787

Produced by the quadriceps femoris

Answer 788

It is c-shaped cartilages

Answer 789

They lie on the tibial plateaus

Answer 790

They deepen the tibial condyles for articulations with femoral condyles

Answer 791

The medial menisci is attached to the joint capsule along its peripheral margin and attached to the medial collateral ligament

Answer 792

The medial menisci is more prone to injury than the lateral menisci because it is attached to something at both sides whereas the lateral menisci is not attached to the lateral collateral ligament so can more freely moved

Answer 793

The collateral ligaments and the cruciate ligaments

Answer 794

The medial and lateral collateral ligaments support the knee and resist sideways movements of the tibia on the femur

Answer 795

The medial attaches the femur to the tibia

Answer 796

The lateral attaches the femur to the fibula

Answer 797

It is attached to the medial meniscus

Answer 798

It is attached to the lateral meniscus

Answer 799

They are loose when the knee is flexed

Answer 800

They connect the tibia to the femur

Answer 801

They are taut when the knee is extended

Answer 802

The anterior cruciate ligaments is attached to the anterior part of the intercondyle area of the tibia and the medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur

Answer 803

An anterior cruciate ligament injury

Answer 804

It attaches to the posterior part of the intercondyle area of the tibia and the lateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur

Answer 805

It prevents the tibia from moving posteriorly relative to the femur

Answer 806

Crucial for stability of the knee when walking downhill or downstairs

Answer 807

It is a synovial hinge joint

Answer 808

Between the distal tibia, distal fibula and the talus

Answer 809

The tibia and fibula

Answer 810

Ankle mortise

Answer 811

Dorsiflexion

Answer 812

Anterior talofibular Posterior talofibular Calcaneofibular

Answer 813

The lateral malleolus

Answer 814

They attach to the medial malleolus

Answer 815

The deltoid ligament

Answer 816

It is formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneous and navicular

Answer 817

It is the joint that inversion and eversion take place at

Answer 818

Brings the sole of the foot medially

Answer 819

Raises the lateral border of the foot and brings the sole of the foot laterally

Answer 820

Muscles of the posterior compartment, the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and posterior tibularis

Answer 821

Muscles in the anterior compartment, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus

Answer 822

Muscles of lateral compartment including tibialis anterior

Answer 823

Muscles of the lateral compartment and tibialis anterior

Answer 824

Hip joint Knee joint Ankle joint

Answer 825

It usually occurs in a car accidents when significant force is applied to the knee when it impacts the dashboard transmitting the force up the femur and so the head is forced posteriorly out the the socket

Answer 826

The acetabulum maybe fracture and injury may occur to the sciatic nerve as it sits behind the hip joint

Answer 827

The medial collateral ligaments can be caused by tears from a lateral blow to the knee or twisting injuries and because it is attached to the medial meniscus it can cause the meniscus to tear

Answer 828

An ACL injury usually occurs when the knee is flexed and becomes twisted

Answer 829

It is usually caused by forced inversion of the foot

Answer 830

Tibia and fibula

Answer 831

They are connected by 2 joints and a strong interosseous membrane

Answer 832

They articulate with the talus at the ankle joint

Answer 833

Proximally it articulates with the femur to form the knee joint Distally it articulates with the talus to form the ankle joint with the fibula

Answer 834

It forms the medial and lateral tibial condyles

Answer 835

They are known as the medial and lateral tibial plateaus

Answer 836

The intercondylar tubercles

Answer 837

It projects from the upper anterior anterior surface of the tibia

Answer 838

Patellar ligament

Answer 839

Oblique ridge of bone on the posterior surface of the tibia

Answer 840

It projects medially from the distal end of the bone

Answer 841

Forms part of the socket for the talus

Answer 842

It is adapted for carrying the weight of the body and is adapted for bipedal gait

Answer 843

He small joints of the foot are important for allowing for the foot to deform and absorb shock during walking and running over uneven ground

Answer 844

Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid 3 cuneiforms - medial, intermediate and lateral

Answer 845

Talus and calcaneus

Answer 846

Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform

Answer 847

Metatarsals Phalanges

Answer 848

They lie between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges

Answer 849

In between the phalanges

Answer 850

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion Eversion

Answer 851

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

Answer 852

It lies between the knee joint and the ankle joint

Answer 853

The deep fascia

Answer 854

The intramuscular septa

Answer 855

The tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane

Answer 856

They primarily act as dorsiflexors of the foot at the ankle joints and extensors of the toes

Answer 857

The deep peroneal nerve

Answer 858

Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus

Answer 859

It inserts onto the medial cuneiform

Answer 860

Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

Answer 861

Extends the big toe Dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle

Answer 862

It inserts onto the distal phalanx of the big toe

Answer 863

They insert onto the distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Answer 864

The tendons extend toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes the foot

Answer 865

They attach to the fibular

Answer 866

They evert the foot at the subtalar joint

Answer 867

They are innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve

Answer 868

Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis

Answer 869

Peroneus longus

Answer 870

It inserts onto the plantar surface of the medial cuneiform bone

Answer 871

It inserts onto the base of the 5th metatarsal

Answer 872

They insert onto the foot

Answer 873

In the popliteal fossa

Answer 874

It bifrucates into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Answer 875

It runs through the interosseous membrane where it enters the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 876

It is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery

Answer 877

When it crosses over the anterior aspect of the ankle joint into the dorsum of the foot

Answer 878

In the foot lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus

Answer 879

Branches that travel between the metatarsals

Answer 880

Fibular artery

Answer 881

The posterior tibial artery

Answer 882

The great saphenous The small saphenous

Answer 883

It runs anterior to the medial malleolus and courses up the medial aspect of the lower limb before terminating at the femoral vein in the femoral triangle

Answer 884

It travels posterior to the lateral malleolus and it courses up the posterior aspect of the leg and terminates at the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

Answer 885

The common peroneal nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula and then divides into two branches

Answer 886

Superficial and deep peroneal nerve

Answer 887

The muscles of the lateral leg

Answer 888

It innervates the muscles of the anterior leg

Answer 889

It can cause an open fracture due to the little subcutaneous tissue between the anterior surface of the tibia and skin

Answer 890

To prevent infection from entering the exposed bone

Answer 891

Bone infection

Answer 892

A fracture to the fibula can cause injury to the common peroneal nerve because it wraps round the neck of the fibula

Answer 893

Foot drop is a condition due to the weakness of the anterior and lateral leg muscles, which means the leg cannot be Dorsiflexed and so the toes will drag on the floor when walking

Answer 894

Posterior to the medial malleolus

Answer 895

The pulse of the dorsalis pedis

Answer 896

2 muscle layers

Answer 897

They primarily act as plantarflexors of the foot at the ankle joint and flexors of the toes

Answer 898

Innervated by the tibial nerve

Answer 899

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

Answer 900

They insert onto the the calcaneus via the Achilles’ tendon

Answer 901

Gastrocnemius

Answer 902

It attaches via the 2 heads to the distal femur

Answer 903

It can flex the knee in addition to plantarflexion of the foot at the ankle joint

Answer 904

Large flat muscle found deep to gastrocnemius

Answer 905

It attaches to the soleal line

Answer 906

Contraction of the soleus is causes compression of the deep veins which is important for venous return

Answer 907

It is found close to the popliteal fossa

Answer 908

Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus

Answer 909

It attaches to the tibia and femur in the popliteal fossa

Answer 910

It allows for a small degree of rotation of the knee before flexion begins

Answer 911

Plantarflexion and inversion of the foot

Answer 912

Flexes the big toe and plantarflexion of the foot

Answer 913

It inserts onto the distal phalanx

Answer 914

Flexes the toes and plantarflexion of the foot

Answer 915

They insert onto the distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Answer 916

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Answer 917

Terminal branches of the tibial nerve

Answer 918

They work together to support the foot

Answer 919

It supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot

Answer 920

The fibular artery

Answer 921

The lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 922

Dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 923

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

Answer 924

The posterior tibial The anterior tibial The fibular

Answer 925

The dorsal venous network drains medially to the great saphenous vein The dorsal venous network drains laterally to the small saphenous vein

Answer 926

It joins with the the popliteal vein in the the popliteal fossa

Answer 927

It joins with the femoral vein in the femoral triangle

Answer 928

The tibial nerve

Answer 929

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

Answer 930

Digital nerves

Answer 931

Tibial and common peroneal nerves

Answer 932

The tibial nerve

Answer 933

The common peroneal nerve

Answer 934

The anterior thigh and anteromedial leg via the saphenous nerve

Answer 935

Obturator nerve

Answer 936

The anterolateral leg and dorsum of the foot

Answer 937

Superficial peroneal nerve

Answer 938

1st interdigital cleft

Answer 939

Tibial nerve

Answer 940

The region over the inguinal ligament

Answer 941

The upper half of the anterior thigh

Answer 942

The lower anterior thigh and medial aspect of the knee

Answer 943

On the anterior surface of the lower limb Lateral aspect of the lower thigh, knee and upper leg Extends to cover the anterior knee, anteromedial leg, the dorsum of the medial aspect of the foot, skin over the dorsum and plantar surface of the big toe

Answer 944

Anterior surface of the lower limb Lower 2/3 of the leg Dorsum of the middle of the foot and the dorsum of the toes 2-4 Skin on the sole of the foot Buttock to upper leg

Answer 945

Posteriorly the nerve innervates the vertical strip of skin in the middle of the thigh Lateral part of the posterior leg Lateral aspect of the ankle Lateral aspect of the dorsum and sole of the foot Skin over the dorsum and plantar surface of the little toe

Answer 946

Region over the inguinal ligament

Answer 947

Upper anterior thigh

Answer 948

Medial aspect of the knee

Answer 949

Anteromedial leg

Answer 950

Anterolateral leg

Answer 951

5th digit Lateral side of the foot

Answer 952

Deep vein thrombosis is when a clot develops in the deep veins of the leg so the venous return is impaired

Answer 953

Swelling Pain Redness Warmth

Answer 954

The clot could migrate into the pulmonary circulation and cause pulmonary embolism

Answer 955

Compartment syndrome is increased pressure in one of the compartments of the leg caused by the swelling in a compartment but the deep fascia and intramuscular septa not been able to stretch the muscle, vessels and nerves get compressed causing pain

Answer 956

Ischaemia and infarction of the tissues

Answer 957

Fasciotomy

Answer 958

Sudden force and forceful plantarflexion of the ankle

Answer 959

Pain Altered gait Cannot plantarflex the foot to push off from the ground

Answer 960

The first metatarsophalangeal joint

Answer 961

Joint is swollen, red and warm Extreme pain

Answer 962

Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 963

Pain on the plantar surface