Musculoskeletal Testing Flashcards by Emily Jackson

“the maximum force that a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction (over a brief period)”

muscle strength

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“the submaximal force that a muscle or muscle group can sustain over a number of repetitions or over an extended period of time”

muscular endurance

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When assessing muscular strength and endurance, what two things should you be considering?

joint angle and ROM

2. velocity of contraction

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dynamometers, cable tensiometers, strain gauges, and load cells are all tools to measure what?

static muscular strength

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Free weights, resistance machines, and isokinetic machines can all be used to measure what type of muscular strength?

dynamic muscular strength

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What does MVIC stand for?

maximal voluntary isometric contraction

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“the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement”

static strength testing

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Static strength testing is specific to ___ ___ and ___ ___

joint angle and muscle group

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What is static strength testing strongly correlated with?

work tasks for physically demanding occupations (0.63-0.91)

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Hand dynamometers measure from 0-100 kg in __kg increments

1kg

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Back and leg dynamometers measure from 0-1134 kg in __kg increments

4.5kg

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How do you perform a grip strength test using a hand dynamometer?

While standing with arm out at side and slightly abducted with straight elbow, briefly squeeze the dynamometer as hard as possible without any excess body motion

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How many readings do you take for a grip strength test using a hand dynamometer?

2x on each hand, take the max combined scores from R and L

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What is the goal for dynamic strength testing?

determine an individual’s maximal force generating capacity (within 3 reps)

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What does ACSM recommend for assessing upper and lower body strength?

bench press and leg press

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When does failure during dynamic strength testing usually occur?

during the concentric phase

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What does the 6-item strength testing battery include?

Upper: bench press, arm curl, lat pulldown
Lower: leg press, leg extension, leg curl

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1RM Protocols:

1 set of - reps @ __-__% of estimated 1RM
1 to 2 sets of - reps @ __-__% of estimated 1RM

5-10 @ 40-60%

3-5 @ 60-80%

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If an attempt at a 1RM lift is successful, how much should you increase the weight for upper and lower body exercises?

5-10% for upper

10-20% for lower

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What is the rest between 1RM attempts?

3-5 minutes

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a 1RM should be determined within __-__ maximal efforts

3-5

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What is the difference between absolute and relative strength?

Absolute - max amount of force measured by a strength test with no adjustment for body mass
Relative - divide test outcome by body mass

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Example Q: a 200 pound person does a 1RM leg press and maxes out at 500 pounds. What is his relative strength ratio?

500/200=2.5

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How do men and women differ when it comes to absolute and relative strength?

Men are usually stronger in both categories!

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The absolute strength for upper body in women is __-__% that of men and __% for lower body strength

50-60%; 70%

With regard to relative strength, how are women compared to men?

due to differences in %BF, a higher proportion of women's body weight is fat weight, the non-force producing component, resulting in lower strength per pound of body weight

T/F: there is a strong relationship between muscle endurance and 1RM

true

``` Repetitions --> %1RM 1 = 2 = 4 = 6 = 8 = 10 = 12 = ```

``` 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 ***KNOW THIS FOR FINAL EXAM*** ```

Example Q: a participant completes 10 reps at 90 pounds, what is their estimated 1RM?

90/0.75 = 120 lbs

What are 3 ways to measure muscular endurance?

- body weight testing to failure - AMRAP against submaximal load - maintaining a specific position for as long as possible

What is the ROM criteria for a push up?

Concentric phase to full extension and eccentric phase with chin to floor

What three things do you need for the partial curl-up protocol?

mat, 2 pieces or tape, metronome

what are the distances for setting the tape up during the partial curl-up protocol?

12cm apart for <45 yrs | 8cm for >45 years

what is the metronome set at during the partial curl-up protocol?

40 bpm = 20 reps per minute

The YMCA bench press test protocol includes the use of __lb BB for F and __lb BB for M. The metronome gets set to __bpm, which equals out to __ reps/min. What is the starting position, and what is this test measuring?

35; 80; 60; 30; BB on chest; measures absolute muscle endurance

How can you use a dynamometer to gauge static endurance?

record initial force and then final force after 1 minute final force/initial force x 100% = decline force production (%)

What are the 5 static endurance tests that were discussed in lecture?

- grip endurance - flexed arm hang - wall sit - back extension - side plank (lat flexors)

How can you test endurance in older adults?

30 second chair stand test = lower body endurance count # of reps in 30 seconds

Pros and cons of ISOTONIC strength testing?

``` PRO: -inexpensive -accessible -easy to learn how to administer -construct and face validity -correlates better with sport performance CON: -measures weakest point in ROM -risk of injury -equipment specific -can be time consuming -difficult to find 1RM ```

Pros and cons of ISOMETRIC testing

``` PRO: -fast, easy, cheap -norm data -used to test variety of muscles -strong research base CONS: -only one joint angle at a time -no strength curve -limited transferability ```

FOR EXAM: really know the difference between variable and constant resistance machines and free weights.

DO ITTTTTTT

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: - difficult to match strength curves of different muscle groups

variable

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: - difficult to assess clients actual strength because force is altered throughout ROM

variable

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -expensive but safe

constant

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -increase neuromuscular coordination

free weights

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: - allow full ROM

free weights

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -limit ROM and plane of movement

constant

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -no spotter required

constant

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -dont fit everyone

variable

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -spotter required

free weights

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -more beneficial for training than testing

variable

Which of the following (variable resistance, constant resistance, free weights) fit the description below: -some have large weight increments

constant

"amount of work done per unit of time"

power

What is the formula for power?

Work/Time = force x distance / time

What are some examples of tools that can be used to measure power?

``` force plates cybex WAT Vertical jump Margeria Sprints ```

T/F: jumping tests and sprints are highly correlated with mechanically measured power

FALSE!!!

What does this mean? "Two jumps are not necessarily created equally"

two different people will not generate the same power if they don't weigh the same

conversion from cm to inches?

1 inch = 2.54 cm

Sayer's Equation for Peak Leg Power?

(60.7 x VJ height in cm) + (45.3 x mass in kg) - 2055

"the peak capability of a muscle to generate force"

muscular power: (force x distance) / time

"the maximum rate of ATP utilization using anaerobic metabolism, per unit of time"

anaerobic power

How are muscular power and anaerobic power different?

``` muscular = more neural and muscular factors anaerobic = more energy system involvement ```

The Cunningham and Faulkner tests are tests of ______ capacity. They are on the treadmill and involve a __% grade @ __mph. What do you measure, and how reliable is this test?

anaerobic 20% @ 8mph measure in seconds to volitional fatigue reliability = 0.76-0.91

What is the validity and reliability for the anaerobic power test? What two values do you get from this test>

validity: measures leg power reliability: r = 0.89-0.98 - peak (5 sec) and mean (30 sec) power outputs

What does the Margaria-Kalamen Stair test measure? What 3 values are used to estimate power?

``` Predicts power from amount of time individual sprints up set of stairs, 3 at a time. 1. vertical distance traveled 2. subjects mass 3. time to completion P = (mass x 9.81 x distance) / time ```

power is related to ___ and ___

strength and speed

"the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time - typically quantified as time to cover a fixed distance"

speed

"the ability to rapidly change position of the entire body in space with speed and accuracy"

agility

T/F: there is limited transfer between linear sprinting and agility

true

What are some considerations for the 40 yard sprint?

- leave room for deceleration - complete 2 submax warm-up sets - start time on first movement - complete 2 trials with 3min rest between

T-test vs Illinois?

T-test has lateral shuffling, backwards and forwards running, while the Illinois agility test has all forward movements - pick the test based on how well it correlates to the sport!!

4 types of flexibility?

1. static 2. dynamic 3. passive 4. active

Limiting factors affecting flexibility? (2)

- NO VALID TESTS OF GENERAL FLEXIBILITY | - highly specific to joint and surrounding tissues

What structures are most important in reducing resistance?

joint capsule = 47% muscle/fascia = 41% tendons/lig = 10% skin = 2%

Major factors that limit flexibility?

- warmup - age - gender - inactivity - body type - size and strength of opposing muscle group

Is the sit and reach a direct or indirect method of measuring flexibility?

indirect

_____ can be very reliable and valid if proper protocol is followed - validity and reliability are highly dependant on joint being measured and technician skill

goniometry

There is a high agreement between ROM measured by radiographs and universal ______

goniometers

How is a goniometer used? (3)

1. center of instrument is on axis of rotation of the joint 2. align arms with body landmarks along longitudinal axis of moving body segment 3. measure the ROM as the differences between joint angles at extremes of the movement

Sit and reach is an indirect linear measurement of flexibility, how is its criterion-related validity?

poor - unrelated to self reported low back pain

"ability to keep the body's COG within the base of support when maintaining a static position, performing voluntary movements, or reacting to external disturbances"

balance

____ training is gaining recognition as a key component of functional fitness

balance

How can you directly measure balance? What data is collected? (3)

using force plates - anteroposterior and mediolateral coordinates of center of pressure are derived - data on postural sway, steadiness and weight distribution are collected

What is an indirect measure of balance?

unipedal stance test