Fundamental Statistics

Question 1

“process of administering a test to collect information”

Answer 1

measurement

Question 2

“process of placing a value judgement on the measurement - involves analyzing scores and using statistics to enhance interpretation”

Answer 2

evaluation

Question 3

4 steps in measurement and evaluation?

Answer 3

1. Collect data and create initial data set
2. Check for errors and unusual scores
3. Select appropriate analyses and perform calculations
4. Interpret results

Question 4

Common problems?

Answer 4

• data recording/entry errors
• outliers
• missing data

Question 5

how can you reduce errors?

Answer 5

• work in pairs to enter data (reader, recorder, repeater!!)

- use numeric keypad to minimize inputting errors

Question 6

“indicates the point around which scores are concentrated - a single score that best represents all of the scores”

Answer 6

central tendancy

Question 7

“indicates how data points are spread around the center”

Answer 7

variability

Question 8

“an estimate of the variability between the individual scores and the central tendency scores”

Answer 8

variability

Question 9

what are the three measures of central tendency?

Answer 9

1. mean
2. median
3. mode

Question 10

“average distribution of scores - most commonly reported measure of central tendency”

Answer 10

mean

Question 11

“midpoint of a distribution - 50% of scores lie above and 50% lie below”

Answer 11

median

Question 12

“most frequently occurring score in a distribution - useful for highlighting clusters of data”

Answer 12

mode

Question 13

What is step #1 when getting a median value?

Answer 13

organizing the numbers from smallest to largest

Question 14

what would it mean to have bimodal data?

Answer 14

1,2,2,2,4,5,6,6,6,7,9

2 and 6 are the modes

Question 15

In a good data set, where will the mean, median, and mode all be?

Answer 15

right around the same point, with 50% data above and 50% data below

Question 16

Left-skewed data is said to be _____ skewed, while right-skewed data is said to be ____ skewed

Answer 16

negatively ; positively

left - starts low and goes up
right - starts high and decreases

Question 17

what are two measures of variability?

Answer 17

range and standard deviation

Question 18

“simplest measure of variability”

Answer 18

range

Question 19

what is the formula for range? why is it unstable?

Answer 19

max score - min score

unstable cause it only depends on 2 scores

Question 20

“amount that all scores vary from the mean - more commonly reported”

Answer 20

standard deviaiton

Question 21

what is a good standard deviation score?

Answer 21

min value = 0 - the larger the value, the greater the variability

Question 22

Almost all values in normally distributed data will fall within at least __ SD of the mean; 68% will fall within __ SD and 95% will fall within ___ SD and 99% will fall within __ SD

Answer 22

3
68% = 1
95% = 2
99% = 3

Question 23

Name the type of data analysis:

-determine differences between 2 mean scores

Answer 23

t-test

Question 24

Name the type of data analysis:

-determine differences between multiple mean scores

Answer 24

ANOVA

Question 25

Name the type of data analysis:

-determine relationships between variables

Answer 25

correlation

Question 26

Name the type of data analysis:

-prediction equations

Answer 26

regression analysis

Question 27

ON EXAM
What are the values for the following correlation coefficient (r)?
0-0.25 = 
0.26-0.49 = 
0.5-0.69 = 
0.7-0.89 = 
0.9-1.0 =

Answer 27

0-0.25 = little, if any

0. 26-0.49 = low
1. 5-0.69 = moderate
2. 7-0.89 = high
3. 9-1.0 = very high

Question 28

EXAM - KNOW THIS

• r =0 means ___ relationship
• r = -1 means ___ relationship
• r = +1 means ___ relationship

Answer 28

no relationship
inverse relationship
positive relationship