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EPHE 444 - Final Exam > Assessing Body Composition > Flashcards

Assessing Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons to assess body composition?

A
  • clarify disease risk
  • sport performance
  • weight management
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2
Q

What common measures of body composition does CSEP use?

A

BMI and waist circumerence

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3
Q

What common measures of body composition records % body fat?

A
  • densitometry
  • DEXA
  • Bioelectrical impedance
  • Skinfold measurements
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4
Q

What indirect measure of body fat did we learn in lecture?

A

BMI = kg / m²

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5
Q

What does BMI not account for?

A

composition of fat mass vs FFM

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6
Q

The correlation of BMI with hydrostatic weighing (the gold standard) is r = ?

A

0.70 - okay but not the best, > 0.80 is the best

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7
Q

____ is widely used to identify at-risk individuals

A

BMI

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8
Q

What is one fault of BMI?

A

there are possible misclassifications of underweight, overweight, and obese status

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9
Q

___ ___ is often used along with BMI

A

waist circumference

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10
Q

Waist circumference is an (direct/indirect) assessment of abdominal adipostiy

A

indirect

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11
Q

What method do you use when measuring waist circumference?

A

the cross-handed method

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12
Q

What is the arm position (1) and the tester position (2) during a measure of waist circumference?

A

(1) across chest upon shoulders

(2) off to the side of the participant - usually on the right hand side

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13
Q

Pros and cons of waist circumference?

A

PRO - easy and quick, and can also be used in conjunction with BMI
CONS - limited

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14
Q

When do you take the waist circumference reading?

A

do the reading at the end of exhalation

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15
Q 
BMI ranges for:
Underweight = 
Normal Weight = 
Overweight = 
Obese Class I = 
Obese Class II = 
Obese Class III =
A 
Underweight = < 18.5
Normal Weight = 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight = 25 - 29.9
Obese Class I = 30 - 34.9
Obese Class II = 35 - 39.9
Obese Class III = > 40
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16
Q

T/F: Resistance trained clients who have a BMI in the overweight category but a WC below the cutoffs are unlikely to be at increased health risk

A

True!

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17
Q

_______: measurement of the size and proportion of the human body

A

anthropometry

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18
Q

Pros of girths, widths, and breadths?

A

simple
inexpensive
well suited for large surveys
minimal skill & training

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19
Q

What is the only direct measure of measuring body composition?

A

cadaver analysis

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20
Q

What are three key limitations of skinfold measurements?

A
  1. Client sensitivity to having SKF measured
  2. Substantial intra and inter-tester variability in SKF thickness
  3. Time requirements for training, practice, and accurate administration
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21
Q

relative body fat (%BF) is used for classification of body fatness. What are the healthy ranges and obese ranges for both men and women?

A 
MEN:
Healthy - teens
Obese - > 22-25%
WOMEN:
Healthy - twenties
Obese - > 35-38%
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22
Q

What is a major limitation of using relative body fat %?

A

you can get drastically different % of body fat due to different sites on the body

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23
Q

_____ estimates body density by determining the ratio of body mass to body volume

A

densitometry

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24
Q

what is the formula for densitometry?

A

BD = BM/BV

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25
Q

What are the two methods of densitometry?

A
  1. Hydrostatic weighting (hydrodensitometry)

2. Air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod)

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26
Q

What body type will have a higher underwater weight?

A

leaner people

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27
Q

“criterion measure used for development of %BF prediction equation and validation of field measurements”

A

hydrostatic weighting

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28
Q

what type of %BF compares dry land weight to underwater weight?

A

hydrostatic weighing

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29
Q

what is the formula for body volume using hydrostatic weighing?

A

[(dry weight - underwater weight) / density of the water] - (RV + 100mL)

30
Q

What is the formula for body density using hydrostatic weighing?

A

dry weight / body volume

31
Q

Cons of hydrostatic weighing?

A
  • residual air in lungs/GI tract will affect reading
  • you must be comfortable in water to use this
  • need lots of trials
  • $$$$ - need the proper equiptment
32
Q

Siri vs Brozek formulas for %BF using BD?

A

Siri - (4.95/BD-4.5)x100

Brozek - (4.57/BD-4.142) x 100

33
Q

What is the %BF for a participant who has a body density of 1.065 g/cc? (use Siri and Brozek formulas)

A

Siri = (4.95/1.065-4.5)x100 = 14.8%

Brozek - (4.57/1.065-4.142) x 100 = 14.9%

34
Q

The two-component model is the foundation for many techniques to measure % body fat, what is the formula?

A

body mass = fat mass (FM) + fat-free mass (FFM)

35
Q

Densities of FM and FFM are the same for all individuals, what are they?

A

FM - 0.901g/cc

FFM - 1.100g/cc

36
Q

Using the two-component model, how do individuals differ in their scores since FM and FFM densities are the same for all individuals?

A

they differ from the reference body only in the amount of fat (as the proportional contribution of FFM components are constant)

37
Q

Water = 73.8%
Minerals = 6.8%
Protein = 19.4%
These numbers are for relative body composition - they are taken from the results of one study that was done in the 60’s on all white middle aged men. What is the problem with this?

A

That represents such a small % of the population demographic of the world - it is unfair to assume that these numbers are the same for everyone!! Also, the study is sooooo old its probs super outdated.

38
Q

FFM density can vary substantially according to what 6 things?

A
  1. age
  2. gender
  3. physical activity level
  4. ethnicity
  5. relative proportion of water and mineral
  6. level of fatness
39
Q

“improve estimation of %BF by replacing ‘reference body’ with a population specific body that takes into account age, gender, ethnicity, and level of physical activity”

A

multicomponent models

40
Q

What method gets body density by using body volume by air displacement instead of water?

A

air displacement plethysmography

41
Q

“2 chambers separated by a fiberglass wall”

A

air displacement plethysmography

Front = client sits
Back = reference chamber
42
Q

How does air displacement plethysmography work?

A

compares volume pressure of from chamber with the reference chamber to determine the volume of the individual

43
Q

Pros and Cons of the Bod Pod?

A 
PRO:
-quick (5-10min)
-requires less skill
-reliable (r=0.9-0.96)
-requires minimal client cooperation
CON:
-size restraint cause of chamber size
-must have approved clothing and swim cap 
-no beards
44
Q

“uses x-rays and a 3-component model of assessment”

A

DEXA

45
Q

what is the formula for DEXA?

A

bone mineral mass + bone free lean tissue + fat mass = total body weight

46
Q

Attenuation of x-rays used during DEXA are dependent on what three things?

A

thickness, density, and composition of tissues

47
Q

Pros and Cons of DEXA?

A 
PRO:
-gaining recognition as criteria measure
-safe (low radiation)
-quick
-minimal client cooperation
-reliable (r>0.95)
CON:
-different manufacturers have different models
-may require licensed technician
-clients may not fit in dimensions of the bed
48
Q

What are other field methods of body compositions that are more practical for estimating body composition compared to laboratory methods?

A

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfolds (SKF)

49
Q

“measures resistance to electric current to estimate %BF”

A

bioelectrical impedance

50
Q

resistance to electric current for muscle cells compared to fat cells?

A

muscle cells = 75% water

fat cells = 5-13% water

51
Q

Water reduces resistance and current moves more easily through ____ tissue

A

leaner

52
Q

Dehydration or adipose tissue slows the current, especially in ____ tissue

A

fat

53
Q

_____ ____ determines resistance of tissues to flow of electrical current

A

hydration level

54
Q

Pros and Cons of bioelectrical impedance?

A 
PRO:
-fairly inexpensive
-easy to administer
-quick results
CON:
-variability (3-8%)
-pre-test guidelines are intense to follow
-which pathway does electricity take?
55
Q

What are the 4 pre test guidelines for BIA?

A
  • no eating or drinking within 4 hours of test
  • no exercise within 12 hours
  • no alcohol within 48 hours
  • urinate within 30 minutes of the test
56
Q

Skinfold measurements are correlated with body density from hydrostatic weighing, and have an r of?

A

0.76

57
Q

SKF’s indirectly measure thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue, what are some common sites?

A 
subscap
suprailiac
abdominal
chest
arm
thigh
medial calf
58
Q

What are the 4 assumptions of SKF measurements?

A
  1. Good measure of subcutaneous fat (12-site SKF and MRI has strong correlation)
  2. Fat distribution is similar for all individuals within each gender
  3. Relationship between sum of SKF and body density
  4. Sum of SKF can be used to estimate total body fat
59
Q

It is estimated that ___ of body fat is subcutaneous.

A

1/3

60
Q

SKF Procedures:

Measurements are taken on the ____ side of the body.

A

right

61
Q

What is a major source of error in test administration for SKF?

A

landmarking sites accurately

62
Q

SKF Procedures:

The caliper is ____ to the fold and __cm above/below fingers.

A

perpendicular; 1cm; below

63
Q

SKF Procedures:
When taking the measurement, continue to grasp and elevate the fold, taking reading __ seconds after releasing the caliper tension

A

3

64
Q

For SKF you should be taking a minimum of __ measures at each site (+/-__mm) and take the mean value

A

2; 5

65
Q

Pros and cons for skinfolds?

A

PRO:
-relatively inexpensive
-easy to administer by trained individuals
-can estimate %BF
-reliable (r=0.9) with experienced testers
CONS:
-requires practice
-limited population (doesn’t work on fat people/tight fascia)
-variability in equations

66
Q

What type of calipers are better?

A

plastic have less precision and do not exert constant pressure through range of measurement

67
Q

what does SO5S stand for?

A

sum of 5 skinfolds

68
Q

formula for fat weight?

A

total weight x %BF

69
Q

formula for lean weight?

A

total weight - fat weight

70
Q

formula for target weight?

A

lean weight / [(100% - desired fat %)/100]

71
Q

Your client weighs 200 lbs and has 25% body fat. What is their ideal weight if their goal is to reach 15% BF?

A

Target weight = 176 lbs

EPHE 444 - Final Exam (3 decks)

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